The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Essays - Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Hindu revivalism remains a growing force in India today. It is also a concern among the millions of displaced Hindus scattered around the world. Its roots lie in the belief that Hinduism is an endangered lifestyle. This notion is fuelled by the political assertiveness of minority groups, efforts to convert Hindus to other faiths, suspicions that the political authorities are sympathetic to minority groups and the belief that foreign political and religious ideologies are destroying the Hindu community. Every morning at sunrise, groups of men in military-style uniforms gather together before saffron coloured flags, in all parts of India, to participate in a common set of rituals, physical exercises and lessons. For one hour each day, they are taught to think of themselves as a family with a mission to transform Hindu society. (Andersen and Damle 1) They are the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the largest and most influential organization in India committed to Hindu revivalism. The RSS or National Volunteer Organization, is perhaps the most interesting of any of India's social movements. The growth of the RSS provides a detailed illustration of India's changing face. The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with an early twentieth century view of an organization that emerged out of frustrations among India's Hindu revivalists. These revivalists were discontent with the work of nationalists in politics, and determined to unify the Hindus of India against the ?alien? threa ts within the nation. The origins of nationalist movements in nineteenth century India can be traced to the expansion of Western, English education. Those attracted to the new education came primarily from high caste Hindu groups. Many of the proponents of social, political and religious reform among Hindus were drawn from this English educated class. Until very late in the nineteenth century, most politically articulate Indians were willing to collaborate with the colonial administration. However, a shift from collaboration to criticism began in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Two broad movements emerged among Hindus seeking to define their national identity: modernists and revivalists. The modernists adopted models of social and political change based upon Western patterns; they appreciated many of the Western philosophies and wanted India to follow suit. The revivalist view was based on returning to a Hindu antiquity that was thought to be superior for governing India?a ?Hindu? nation. Many felt that this desire to recreate the age of Hindu grandeur was also a result of English education; ideas of patriotism and nationalism crept into these peoples way of thought. It was the English study of the Indian way of life that added to the revivalist movement. Revivalism included those who wanted to preserve the traditional social order as well as those who sought to reform Hindu society as a way of strengthening Hindu solidarity. The RSS traces its roots to the revivalist feelings that were present at that time. The Hindu revivalists sought to recover fundamental truths about their people. They argued that the loss of national consciousness had created conditions that facilitated British domination of the land. By appealing to an idealized past, the revivalists reminded the Hindu public of the suffering and degradation experienced under British rule. The call for independence was a logical next-step, for the degraded present could only be overcome by eliminating the foreign intruders who had supposedly disrupted the original blissful society. Muslim rulers and the British were identified as sources of that disruption and many revivalist spokesmen sought to place limits on their political power and on their cultural influence. The proposed changes in Hindu society were justified by the proposition that the changes were not new at all, but were in fact a revival of older, purer forms of Hindu culture that had degenerated during foreign rule. Opposition to British rule increased among both the moderates and the more extremists, as the contradictions between colonial rule and new aspirations became obvious. Criticism of India's colonial status was supported by observation of British attitudes. The British viewed Indians and Indian culture as inferior. Educated Indians were considerably upset when the British began to characterize them as feminine, cowardly and unrepresentative of the native culture. The racial arrogance often expressed by European officials, businessmen and

Essence of Effective Communication

Essence of Effective Communication Free Online Research Papers Communication is the key to a successful idea, and/or organization. Keeping in mind that communication entails outgoing and ingoing information that is both delivered and received in a lucrative manner. The two golden rules to communicating effectively are: Organize thoughts in your mind before sharing them with others. Communication is collaborative, not competitive. Leaders of today are the vehicles of a successful exchange of ideas, and are looked to for understanding as well as motivating, leading and keeping the vision alive. In this paper I will show comparison, while contrasting three different models of effective communication, illustrating five tools that leaders can use to improve their communication skills. Essence of Effective Communication No matter how brilliant and invaluable your idea, it is worthless unless you can share it with others. For this reason, effective communication is crucial at every level of an organization. However, the ability to communicate effectively does not come easily to many people, and it is a skill that requires practice. We begin practicing our communication skills even before we learn to walk. A newborn child communicates by crying, but it slowly learns to mimic its parents speech. Eventually, the child discovers that certain speech patterns elicit different responses; one of the joys of parenting is trying to decipher the meaning behind certain â€Å"words.† Slowly, through trial and error, the child learns to manipulate sounds to get what it wants, and as the child develops, this active oral practice leads to more nuanced and fluid conversations. In short, the child learns effective communication. (Sussil, 2002.) To effectively communicate a complex idea, however, requires skills beyond elementary conversation. There are two golden rules to follow. -Organize thoughts in your mind before sharing them with others. This rule involves decoding and encoding before and during a two-way conversation, as in the Interactional Model. One idea often prompts a torrent of others. In order to share your ideas, you must first shape them coherently. Organization is important, because it creates a pattern for your listener, allowing him or her to grasp the larger picture intuitively. This allows the listener to focus on the details of your message, without struggling to understand how you went from Point A to Point B. As a thought experiment, imagine that a colleague has asked you for directions to the airport. Write them down. Your directions will probably look something like: -Drive west half a mile on Aurora. -Take a left on Madison. -At the third light, turn right and follow Dexter for 2-3 miles. -Get on the interstate, heading south. Now, with a pair of scissors, cut each line of instructions into a small strip of paper. Jumble the strips up and arrange them in a completely random order, then give them to your colleague. Even with mixed-up directions, s/he should have no trouble reaching the airport, right? After all, your directions are complete and accurate. Not a single step is missing. The problem, of course, is that your directions are also completely unorganized, rendering them useless. Your colleague will find it impossible to focus on your message itself, because he or she will struggle to follow your messages structure (or lack thereof). (Wright, 2003.) For this reason, practicing the tool of listening for the content of the message to be reflected from the listener, would prove to be effective if the communication is rendered unorganized. -Communication is collaborative, not competitive. As noted in the Linear Model, where communication is only one-way, thrusting your idea on others mars the beauty and integrity of conversation. Communication is in some ways like a dance; each partner plays off the other, basing his or her steps on the other persons, while simultaneously maintaining a certain amount of individuality. Communication is a two-way process involving an exchange of ideas. If you try to make it one-way, you prevent this exchange and will eventually frustrate the other person. You may also frustrate yourself, if you read the other persons lack of verbosity as disinterest in the conversation, rather than an inability to get a word in. The hallmark of effective communication is the coherent verbal projection of your ideas, so that your listener receives the message that you intend to send. By observing these two rules, you will reduce miscommunication and misunderstandings. (Hall, 2000.) With this goal, the practice of noting the speaker’s cues, both verbal and nonverbal the communication will not only remain effective, but will continue following the Interactional and Transactional models of communication, where the conversation flows two-ways, in both listening and leading. In a world with so much information available, why do employees still complain that companies are under-communicating? Can leaders, who rose in the hierarchy due to their ability to talk, learn the value of listening? With the speed of information exchange growing exponentially, how can we slow down to have the deeper, more meaningful conversations that are so critical in the age of knowledge management and learning organizations? These are just a few examples of today‘s barriers to effective communications. Without impactful communications, companies will not be able to attract, retain and inspire the employee. Inspire because without inspiration, there is no commitment. Without commitment, there is no discretionary effort. And without that critical extra effort, a company cannot achieve or maintain its competitive edge. (Ashton, 2002.) Now, more than ever, leaders need to think of themselves as communication vehicles. In the past leaders were often promoted based on their ability to talk. Now there is a greater expectation for leaders to be great listeners to their employees, their customers, and other stakeholders. The job of leadership today is not just to make money. It‘s to make meaning. For this reason, leaders must become proficient in listening, as well as communicating in a transactional and Interactional form. Because practicing reflecting back to the speaker what one thought they heard, and listening for the feelings of the speaker, a leader is providing a continual transaction of communication to take place, while clarifying understanding. The importance of this new role, and the inadequacy many leaders may feel, is evident in the increase in executive coaching consultants and training programs that are designed to increase these skills. Today senior leadership must not only be able to clearly formulate their vision for the organization, but also to convincingly communicate it such that employees will want to commit to it. (Frost, 2004.) Under these conditions a leader has demonstrated to the listener a skill of responding to the feelings of the speaker. If I may repeat, reflecting back to the speaker what you think you are hearing is essential in ensuring that you have received the information the speaker is trying to convey, and that comprehension is clarified. One example that comes to mind is from PLATO’S REPUBLIC (1992) in Book I, where Socrates defends his account on what justice is by his definition. Questioned by Thrasymachus, Socrates states his position that justice is the advantage of the established rule. Thrasymachus restates to the speaker in his own words what he thought the speaker said, thus allowing the speaker to respond to further clarify the message being sent (Hersey, Blanchard, Johnson, 2001, p.251) â€Å"And a law is correct if it prescribes what is to the rulers’ own advantage and incorrect if it prescribes what is to their disadvantage? Is that what you mean?† (Reeve, 1992, p.15) Ashton, John. (2002.) Barriers to Communication. New York Publishing. Frost, Amanda. (2004.) The Importance of Communication. BB Press House. Hall, Martin. (2000.) Effective Communication. San Diego Journal, Vol. 18. Sussil, Michael. (2002.) Communication Matters. Ivy Print. Wright, Paul. (2003.) Beyond Words. Simon Schuster Publications. 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The Body Shop and the Cosmetics Industry Dissertation

The Body Shop and the Cosmetics Industry - Dissertation Example The Body shop is the second largest cosmetic franchise in the world and founded by the late Dame Anita Roddick. Headquartered in Little Hampton, THE Body Shop is known for its vegetable-based products ranging from Body Butter, Peppermint Foot Lotion, and Hemp (Corporate Report 2009). The Body Shop has emphasized its support for a wide range of issues around the globe. The company is noted for a range of product environmental innovation. For example, rather than using new bottling bottles from the shop, they press on using their own bottles. (Report 2007). 1.1 Problem Statements and Research Questions Although the concept of CSR has gained prominence during the last couple of decades, little research has addressed the concept within The Body Shop. This paper seeks to open another research area by focusing on The Body Shop and cosmetic industry. Thus, this paper addresses three important questions. 1. Why is CSR an increasingly relevant factor within the cosmetics industry 2. How is CSR implemented by The Body Shop to gain competitive advantage in the cosmetics industry However, this is limited to the body shop as focusing on the body shop has a number of advantages. For example it pioneered CSR behaviours in the cosmetic industry. 3. How has The Body Shop's practice of CSR demonstrated a correlation with customer purchasing behaviour Has this been affected by the recent takeover of The Body Shop by L'Oreal 1.2 Objectives and Purpose of Study This research focuses on the cosmetic industry. The purpose of the paper is to address and examine CSR activities in the cosmetic industry focusing on the body shop. The main purpose is to examine why CSR is an increasingly relevant factor within the cosmetic industry. Another objective is to... These issues pose significant challenges for companies as far as their competitive position and long-term performance is concerned. Consequently, it is necessary for companies to design CSR policies that would enable customers and other major stakeholders to perceive them as genuine companies. Such an approach will go a long way to improving the competitive position and long-term performance of the company. Companies must also increase the information that they disclose in their corporate social responsibility reports as this increases the company’s chances of being perceived as a transparent company and thus its chances of performing well in the community. This dissertation through theories and literature explores the concept of CSR and thereby takes a case study approach and analyses the application of CSR in the cosmetics industry and more specifically in ‘The Body Shop’. The Body Shop has made a name for itself in the cosmetics industry by trading the path of honesty and integrity in terms of its CSR policies. In conclusion, despite its noble approach towards CSR and better future environment over the years, it has many rooms for improvement.Here, it is important to note here that, CSR activities have become the values of the body shop, through its belief and emphasis on natural ingredients and environmental activities, the body shop has distinguished itself from other beauty shops in the cosmetic industry. Its emphasis on socially responsible and corporate citizenship has created a competitive edge in the market.

International relations major Personal Statement - 1

International relations major - Personal Statement Example n of a conservative nation of the Middle East, I consider myself at an appropriate position to study international relations as my major subject as it will not only help me in understanding the value of good relations between neighboring countries but also will improve and enhance my knowledge of different cultures worldwide. Saudi Arabia ranks among the fastest developing countries of the present world, which experience high rates of migration to different parts of the world. In addition, the country’s relationship with other nations is at its peak due to various factors such as the war on terror, oil trade, politics, and sports. The perceived link between Islam and terrorism and the economic and social status of women living in Saudi Arabian republic are two main reasons for me to study International Relations as this program focuses on the study of different cultures and societies, the thoughts of political and general public belonging to different countries, the influence of public perception, and governments’ national and international policies. I firmly accept that an influential and so far-reaching subject warrants a critical understanding and analysis at higher levels. Earning a degree from one of the top ranked universities of the world would give me a competitive edge in my professional career. I have decided to apply in name of university because this educational institute has an experienced faculty not only in the department of International Relations studies but also in all other fields of study. Studying under the guidance of expert teachers will allow me to gain invaluable information about my intended major and grow intellectually in an appropriate manner. I am capable of working under severe conditions because of the experience gained from working for different organizations. As far as my short-term and long-term goals are concerned, I have planned them according to my personal and professional interests. For example, my short-term goal is

HRM and the 'Employee Engagement' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HRM and the 'Employee Engagement' - Essay Example Employee engagement is a modern concept in scientific management theories. According to Scarlett Surveys International (2011), â€Å"employee Engagement is a measurable degree of an employee's positive or negative emotional attachment to their job, colleagues and organization which profoundly influences their willingness to learn and perform at work† (Scarlett Surveys International, 2011). An organization may have thousands of employees; however, it is not necessary that all the employees may show same commitment to the organization. At least some of the employees may show some kind of negative attitude towards the organization and they may not deliver 100% of their productivity. â€Å"According to the Gallup Management Journal's Employee Engagement Index, 29% of employees are actively engaged in their jobs, 54% are not-engaged, and 17% are actively disengaged† (Employee Engagement - Excerpts from the Gallup Survey, 2011).The success and failure of an organization lies in its ability to increase the employee engagement statistics and reduce the instances of serious employee disengagement statistics. In other words, ‘Employee Engagement' is Central to an organization's success and HR professionals have a pivotal role in reducing employee disengagement or increasing employee engagement. ... There are many instances in which employees forced to accept certain jobs which are not their cup of tea. Since unemployment is a big problem all over the world, people accept jobs even if they are not comfortable with it. In other words, many people accept jobs because of circumstantial pressures. Such people will show disengagement in their profession which is not good for the organization. A right person at the right place is always a blessing to the organization whereas a wrong person at a critical position may always create problems to the organization. However, it is difficult for an organization to allot jobs always based on the interests of the employees. Modern organizational world may not be comfortable enough to specialists since the demand for all-rounders are growing day by day. Modern organizations ask their employees to work in various departments in order to utilize them effectively based on market fluctuations. For example, the demand for certain goods may vary time to time. It is nonproductive for an organization to keep a huge production workforce idle for longer periods when the demand for their goods becomes low. At the same time, it is unwise to appoint more sales staffs to increase sales when many of the production people remains idle. In such cases, the company may ask some of its production staffs to work in sales department. Production people may find difficulties while they work in sales department because of their lack of skills in canvassing sales. So they will try to show disengagement in their new assignment which is not good for the organization. In such cases, the organization should adopt

The intelligence and definition of Led Policing

The intelligence and definition of Led Policing A lot has been discussed about Intelligence Led Policing (ILP), yet there is no standard definition of ILP (McGarrell, Freilich, Chermak, 2007). Ratcliffe (2003) said it is the application of criminal intelligence analysis as objective decision making tool in order to facilitate crime reduction and crime prevention through effective policing strategies and external partnership projects drawn from an evidential base. His notion found support from Sheptycki (2005) who defined Intelligence Led Policing as The technological effort to manage information about threats and risks in order to strategically manage the policing mission. Lint (2006) differs slightly and says ILP is a policing model which is built around risk assessment and risk management. He also says ILP is a strategic, future-oriented and targeted approach to crime control, focusing upon the identification, analysis and management of persisting and developing problems or risks. In the last several years, the definition of ILP has been expanded to include more integrated to tenets of Problem Oriented police solving. This has led to revision and a new definition of ILP as : Intelligence ­led policing is a business model and managerial philosophy where data analysis andcrime intelligence are pivotal to an objective, decision ­making framework that facilitates crime and problem reduction, disruption and prevention through both strategic management and effective enforcement strategies that target prolific and serious offenders. (Ratcliffe, 2008) The 3i Model Ratcliffe (1993) was looking for a simple model to intelligence and crime analysts what their function in an intelligence-led policing environment should be. This was because most of them spent analysing crime on a micro environment while forgetting about the bigger picture. Ratcliffe along with an Australian Federal agent analysed the situation and came up with a 3i model to show or suggest to the crime analysts the purpose of crime analysis in the modern policing world. It is a more proactive model compared to the previous methodology of problem oriented policing. Ratcliffe (2003) said that intelligence-driven crime reduction is a three-stage process, which requires that: law enforcement agencies interpret the criminal environment, influence decision-makers which may include people not sworn in as police officers like the general public, judiciary, the legislature, other organisations and the criminals themselves, and finally the decision-makers impact on the criminal environment. This 3i model (interpret, influence, impact) is used as the framework for an evaluation of the intelligence process. In the 3i model (interpret, influence, impact) the analytical arm of the police department gathers data or intelligence, understands and analyses the criminal environment and determines or interprets things like who the main players are, and what are the significant and emerging threats. This is the intelligence part of the model. As the diagram shows the intelligence thus gathered is used to influence the decision makers whoever they are. The 3i model does not determine who the decision maker is. It depends from case to case and situation to situation. The Decision makers then decide the best course of action and implement it. This impacts the criminal environment. ILP does not occur by just one or two functions, it needs all three to work together. The Intelligence needs to be collected and the analysts need to interpret the information and Influence the decision makers, the decision makers then need to act on the given information. If one of the steps is missed, ILP will collapse. Importance of Interpretation Out of the three Is I personally feel that Intelligence gathering and interpretation function is the most critical of them all. If intelligence collected or gathered is incorrect or interpreted wrongly, then the remaining actions would not solve the purpose or the aim of ILP. In the model that Ratcliffe suggests, the arrow represents the flow of data and it runs from the intelligence analysis unit to the criminal environment. This is a reflection of the way things work in real life in crime intelligence analysis. While a push model, where analysts send out information requests via forms and then wait for the requested information to come back sounds easier and more manageable; in practice it is not so. The reasons for this include a lot of information is at times hear say or word on the street. Also a lot of times, the information is tacit. It is not advisable to write down such information for fear of moles in the police departments, who might let the criminals know of the moles in their organisation. It is a bit James Bond-ish with espionage and counter espionage activities going on all the time. The situation is aptly described by Higgins (2008, 80) as: The Push model does not work well in practise. The bureaucratic structure and culture of law enforcement agencies militates against the effective communication of intelligence requirements. The culture also thwarts the push model because a large volume of information remains tacit, inside officers heads rather than recorded in intelligence records which can be shared at the push of a button. Since the push model does not work effectively, the analysts have to resort to a pull model for gathering information. It is a more proactive way of doing things. In this approach, the analysts seek information or intelligence from investigating officers, confidential informants and debriefing handlers. It is a more active approach as the analysts might even have to go to the field rather than getting all the information at the fingertips. The analysts can hence have a better feel of what is actually going on. The added benefit that I see in this model is that while it is the job of the analysts to interpret data and influence the decision makers, if they are fed data, they can in turn be influenced easily on what data is to be sent. They would be more open to manipulation by field agents. In the pull model, since the analysts actually meet some people, they have a better chance at evaluating if a person is lying to them or manipulating them by looking at the person. Officers are tra ined to spot such people who lie. They can notice the nervous twitch, sweating, tone of voice, rate of speech etc and have better judgement if the intelligence is true or useful. Practical Observations The General Department of Criminal Investigations (CID) is the backbone in all matters relating to crime and criminals. It has varied functions and duties can accommodate wide geographical area of the United Arab Emirates. The mission of the department is a) to utilise all available means to prevent crimes. B) Detaining outlaws and providing conviction evidence in accordance with the regulations and legislation in force in the country and c) Maintaining security and stability, and sustaining regulations and legislation. It is entrusted to controlling crime in all forms, following the ways it develops, and utilizing all means to prevent it, and to achieve social stability. To meet its aim, the CID in UAE follows the 3i model. Intelligence is gathered by various means including surveillance, scientific evidence collection and analysis, use of people inside crime rings- informants and constabulary on patrol. The data is interpreted and then the decision makers are informed. As is in the 3i model, sometimes the decision makers are not from the police departments but affected parties as the case study would demonstrate. Case Study I have worked as a police officer for three years in Al Modena police station in CID section. It is a great place to work. The senior officers and the government is very supportive. There is a feeling of doing good and giving back to the community working as a police officer. In last few years we noticed that the number of shop theft crime increased dramatically especially at night in different areas. That was because the careless on the part of shop owners. They would keep their shops open late into the night and employ people without verifying their antecedents. The shops were designed like the newer malls but without the added precautions like RF security tags on goods or parabolic mirrors. There would be little or no security at the shop in form of security guards or cameras and this coupled with other factors like low population of people and police at streets in night, lure of easy money and quick getaways thanks to small size of the emirates meant the shopkeepers were sitting targets for the shop lifters. Process for prevention: We created new strategy when we recorded the names of all people who were working at the shops in that area. This helped reduce the number of fake cases of shoplifting being reported as police could analyse the trend if a worker moved to a shop and they started reporting an increasing number of shoplifting cases. This pointed towards collusion between the workers and the shoplifters. Encouraged the shopkeepers to invest in RF tags for goods. Police and government cooperated and made new law, shops most close before 11 p.m. Also shops should put alarms. This was done after analysis of the data that most of the shopliftings take place late in the night. There were several factors that came to light including low police presence and lesser people meant fewer witnesses. Increase the number of patrol cars in the hot spot areas. This was done after going through several studies which concurred that police presence acts as deterrence and the most effect is generated when the visit is between 11 and 15 minutes.(Koper, 1995) Send undercover officers who were of different nationality so they did not rouse suspicions amongst the criminals. The known bad characters of the area were kept under constant surveillance. This led to the criminal environment being aware that the police was aware of the problem and would not tolerate shoplifting as petty crime. Challenges: Shops did not follow rules. Not enough police men to cover area. Long working hours of policemen meant that they were tired and did not want to register complaints or work on them as they were considered non serious offences. No experience with the some officers to deal with such crimes. The shopkeepers did not have any training to react to shoplifters. The ethical question: should owners be still allowed to keep money at shops so that encourage the criminals to steal? Use their money as bait? This had the possibility of someone getting hurt besides loss of money. (Barocas, 1973) Shopkeepers reluctant to invest a lot into security as they said it was a state matter. The government should provide for security for the people. Police did not work very well at night. Very few policemen on streets and at police stations. Non Co-operation even in the department as different officers had different styles of working. Some were just not interested in working hard as they were on a loan from a different area and solving or not solving the crime had no affect on their career growth chart. Suggestions: Better and more frequent training for the policemen. This would include the introduction of the 3i model right from the academy training days so that new policemen know the value of intelligence, how it how it is to be collected, interpreted, how it influences the decision making process and what or how does it impact the criminal environment. Employ more policemen to tide over the shortage. This would also mean more police presence on the street which is a great visual deterrent. Several studies conducted have long proven this. (Andenaes,1974)(Goldstein, 1990)(Felson, 1987) et al. Provided training to shopkeepers on what to do in situations like hol ups or shoplifting. Imposition of heavy fines and cancellation of shop license for shops that flout the rules and stay open past the closing hours of 11 PM or do not have adequate security measures like the silent alarms or security guards etc. Reward and recognition for police men who perform well. Mandatory installation of CC TV (cameras) at these shops. CCTVs act as great deterrents. (Webster, 2009) Working with the 3i model, information was first collected on the crimes committed. This included getting data of the number of people arrested, the times when these crimes were committed, understanding the psyche of the criminals, the environments where these incidents took place. It was noted that most of the crimes occurred at night when the police presence was minimal. It was also noted that the security measures at the places was next to none. There were no cameras, no security guards, no alarms and the store owners did not even train the workers how to react in cases of theft or holdups. The information was interpreted and the crimes were analysed as crimes of opportunity. The Police realised that there were only so many things that they could do and more effort was needed from the shopkeepers too. The shopkeepers hence were the critical decision makers in this example. They had to perform majority of the actions including installation of RF tags, alarms and Closed Circuit TV c ameras. They were also explained that the state would not be able to cover their losses, but at most would try and find the persons who stole. Recovery rate of stolen goods is low. They also had to register their employees and provide sufficient training. The impact of these actions was that the crimes eventually reduced to low levels as the criminals understood that they had little to gain from petty shoplifting and the punishment was not worth the crime. The above mentioned steps also align with Situational theory of crime. Enhancing natural surveillance is a prime objective of defensible space, and also, more explicitly, of neighbourhood watch. (Ronald V. Clarke 1992 pg 18). The basic tenets of the theory include Target hardening, Access Control, Deflecting Offenders, and controlling facilitators, Identifying property, increasing guilt and shame of offenders. By constant Policing the acquisition of a soft target became difficult. The offenders too understood that the crime is not worth the time. By installing alarms and security guards and CCTV Cameras, the control over the premises was facilitated. All the steps working in cohesion helped the problem come down to manageable levels. Conclusion There seems to be no standard definition of what ILP- Intelligence Led Policing is. Its definition has been dynamic and open to interpretations. While some see it as a philosophy (Ratcliffe 2003 and Sheptycki, 2005) and as an objective decision making tool to facilitate crime reduction and crime prevention through effective policing strategies and external partnership projects, others see it as a model (Lint 2006) built around risk assessment and Risk management. He also sees it as a strategic, future-oriented and targeted approach to crime control, focusing upon the identification, analysis and management of persisting and developing problems or risks. The 3i model talks about the process of ILP as a three stage model where intelligence is collected from the criminal environment and analysed and interpreted by the analytical wing of the department. The second stage is influence where the decision making happens. The decision makers need not be sworn police officers, they could be an yone from organisations to people, judiciary etc. The decision thus made impacts the criminal environment. The process can not be complete unless all the three stages happen. If the information is collected wrongly or interpreted wrongly, this in turn would influence the decision makers in an incorrect fashion and the impact on the criminal environment would not be the desired impact. The paper also talks about my personal experiences in the CID in UAE and how the 3i model has helped reduce the crime of shoplifting.

Brecht :: essays research papers

It is difficult to imagine a play which is completely successful in portraying drama as Bertolt Brecht envisioned it to be. For many years before and since Brecht proposed his theory of â€Å"Epic Theatre†, writers, directors and actors have been focused on the vitality of entertaining the audience, and creating characters with which the spectator can empathize. ‘Epic Theatre’ believes that the actor-spectator relationship should be one of distinct separation, and that the spectator should learn from the actor rather than relate to him. Two contemporary plays that have been written in the last thirty years which examine and work with Brechtian ideals are ‘Fanshen’ by David Hare, and ‘The Laramie Project’ by Moises Kaufman. The question to be examined is whether either of these two plays are entirely successful in achieving what was later called, ‘The Alienation Effect†. Over the course of his career, Brecht developed the criteria for and conditions needed to create Epic Theatre. The role of the audience can be likened to that of a group of college aged students or intellectuals. Brecht believed in the intelligence of his audience, and their capacity for critical analysis. He detested the trance-like state that an Aristotelian performance can lure the audience into. Plays that idealize life and humanity are appealing to an audience, and this makes it easy for them to identify with the hero, they reach a state of self oblivion. The spectator becomes one with the actor, and experiences the same fantastical climax that is unattainable in real life. â€Å"However, at the end of the performance, the audience has already experienced the highest emotional climax, the memory of which is strung along by the inevitable plot resolution. The audience has no choice but to leave with the rapidly fading memory of their dramatic stimulation and return to the underwhelming reality that awaits them outside of the theatre.† "The task of epic theatre, Brecht believes, is not so much to develop actions as to represent conditions. But to à «representà ­ does not here signify à «reproduceà ­ in the sensed used by theoreticians of Naturalism. Rather, the first point at issue is to uncover those conditions. (One could just as well say: to make them strange (Benjamin 1966, 18-9) "The art of epic theatre consists in arousing astonishment rather than EMPATHY." (Benjamin 1966,16) â€Å" ‘Theatre’ consists in this; in making live representations of reported or invented happenings between human beings and doing so with a view to entertainment.

Soil Behaviour and Geotechnical Modelling

(a) Discuss advantages and limitations of Duncan and Chang's model. Duncan and Chang's model assumes a hyperbolic stress-strain relation and was developed based on triaxial soil tests. The original model assumes a constant Poisson's ratio while the revised model accommodates the variation of Poisson's ratio by means of stress-dependent Poisson's ratio or stress-dependent bulk modulus. The Duncan-Chang model is advantageous in analyzing many practical problems and is simple to set up with standard triaxial compression tests. When tri-axial test results are not available, model parameters are also abundantly available in literatures. It is a simple yet obvious enhancement to the Mohr-Coulomb model. In this respect, this model is preferred over the Mohr-Coulomb model. However, it has its limitations, including, (i) the intermediate principal stress s2 is not accounted for; (ii) results may be unreliable when extensive failure occurs; (iii) it does not consider the volume change due to changes in shear stress (shear dilatancy); (iv) input parameters are not fundamental soil properties, but only empirical values for limited range of conditions. (v) the model is mainly intended for quasi-static analysis. (b) Discuss advantages and limitations of Yin and Graham's KGJ model. Yin and Graham's KGJ model is formed using data from isotropic consolidation tests and consolidated undrained triaxial tests with pore-water pressure measurement. It provides functional expressions for , , , and relationships in soils. In Duncan and Chang's model for triaxial stress conditions: may cause volume strain ( dilation and compression) may cause shear strain. Whereas Yin and Graham's KGJ model: Thus the volume change and shear strain was taken into account, which is an improvement to Duncan and Chang's model. The limitation of Yin and Graham's KGJ model may exist in the determination of the parameter and the complexity of its calculation. (c) Discuss the differences between elastic models and hypo-elastic models. For soils, the behaviour depend on the stress path followed. The total deformation of such materials can be decomposed into a recoverable part and an irrecoverable part. Hypoelasticity constitutes a generalized incremental law in which the behaviour can be simulated from increment to increment rather than for the entire load or stress at a time. In hypoelasticity, the increment of stress is expressed as a function of stress and increment of strain. The Hypoelastic concept can provide simulation of constitutive behaviour in a smooth manner and hence can be used for hardening or softening soils. Hypoelastic models can be considered as modification of linear elastic models. However, it may incrementally reversible, with no coupling between volumetric and deviatoric responses and is path-independent. 5.2 Use sketches to explain the physical (geometric) meaning of all 7 parameters (only 5 independent) in a cross-anisotropic elastic soil model (). Figure 5.1 Parameters in cross-anisotropic elastic model – Young's modulus in the depositional direction; – Young's modulus in the plane of deposition ; – Poisson's ratio for straining in the plane of deposition due to the stress acting in the direction of deposition; – Poisson's ratio for straining in the direction of deposition due to the stress acting in the plane of deposition; – Poisson's ratio for straining in the plane of deposition due to the stress acting in the same plane; – Shear modulus in the plane of the direction of deposition; – Shear modulus in the plane of deposition. Due to symmetry requirements, only 5 parameters are independent. Assignment 6 (Lecture 6 – Elasto-plastic behaviour): 6.1 (a) Explain and discuss (i) yield, (ii) yield criterion, (iii) potential surface, (iv) flow rule, (v) normality, (vi) consistency condition. (i) The yield strength or yield point of a material is defined in engineering and materials science as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible. In the uniaxial situations the yield stress indicates the onset of plastic straining. In the multi-axial situation it is not sensible to talk about a yield stress. Instead, a yield function is defined which is a scalar function of stress and state parameters. (ii) A yield criterion, often expressed as yield surface, or yield locus, is an hypothesis concerning the limit of elasticity under any combination of stresses. There are two interpretations of yield criterion: one is purely mathematical in taking a statistical approach while other models attempt to provide a justification based on established physical principles. Since stress and strain are tensor qualities they can be described on the basis of three principal directions, in the case of stress these are denoted by , and . (iii) Potential surface is the segment of a plastic potential surface plotted in principal stress space, as shown in Figure 6.1 (a). A two dimensional case was shown in Figure 6.1 (b). (iv) Flow rule: – a scalar multiplier; – plastic potential function; {} – location of surface (a vector), not in the final equation Figure 6.1 Plastic potential presentation (v) Assuming the plastic potential function to be the same as the yield function as a further simplification: The incremental plastic strain vector is then normal to the yield surface and the normality condition is said to apply. (vi) Having defined the basic ingredients of an elasto-plastic constitutive model, a relationship between incremental stresses and incremental strains then can be obtained. When the material is plastic the stress state must satisfy the yield function. Consequently, on using the chain rule of differentiation, gives: This equation is known as the consistency equation or consistency condition. (b) Explain and discuss the associate flow rule and non-associate flow rule and how the two rules affect the volumetric deformation and the bearing capacity of a strip footing on sand. Sometimes simplification can be applied by assuming the plastic potential function to be the same as the yield function (i.e. ). In this case the flow rule is said to be associated. The incremental plastic strain vector is then normal to the yield surface and the normality condition is said to apply. In the general case in which the yield and plastic potential functions differ (i.e. ), the flow rule is said to be non-associated. If the flow rule is associated, the constitutive matrix is symmetric and so is the global stiffness matrix. On the other hand, if the flow rule is non-associated both the constitutive matrix and the global stiffness matrix become non-symmetric. The inversion of non-symmetric matrices is much more costly, both of storage and computer time. As noted, it occurs in a special class of plasticity in which the flow rule is said to be associated. Substitution of a symmetric for all elements in a finite element mesa, into the assembly process, results in a symmetric global stiffness matrix. For the general case in which the flow rule is non-associated and the yield and plastic potential functions differ, the constitutive matrix is non-symmetric. When assembled into the finite element equations this results in a non- symmetric global stiffness matrix. The inversion of such a matrix is more complex and requires more computing resources, both memory and time, than a symmetric matrix. Some commercial programs are unable to deal with non-symmetric global stiffness matrices and, consequently, restrict the typo of plastic models that can be accommodated to those which have an associated flow rule. (c) Explain plastic strain hardening and plastic work hardening or softening. The state parameters, , are related to the accumulated plastic strains . Consequently, if there is a linear relationship between and so that then on substitution, along with the flow rule, the unknown scalar,, cancels and A becomes determinant. If there is not a linear relationship between and , the differential ratio on the left hand side of the above equation is a function the plastic strains and therefore a function of . When substituted, along with the flow rule given, the A's do not cancel and A becomes indeterminate. It is then not possums to evaluate the []. In practice all strain hardening/ softening models assume a linear relationship between the state parameters and the plastic strains . In this type of plasticity the state parameters}, are related to the accumulated plastic work, ,which is dependent on the plastic strains it can be shown, following a similar argument to that parented above for strain hardening/softening plasticity, that as long as there is a linear relationship between the state parameters }, and the plastic work, , the parameter defined becomes independent of the unknown scalar, , send therefore is determinant. If the relationship between and is not linear, become a function of and it is not possible to evaluate the constitutive matrix. 6.2 Show steps to derive the elastic plastic constitutive matrix [] in (6.16). The incremental total strains can be split into elastic and plastic , componets. The incremental stress, are related to the incremental elastic strains, by the elastic constitutive matrix: Or alternatively Combining gives The incremental plastic strains are related to the plastic potential function, via the flow rule. This can be written as Substituting gives When the material is plastic the stress state must satisfy the yield function. Consequently, which, on using the chain rule of differentiation. This equation is known as the consistency equation. It can be rearranged to give Combining, we can get Where Substituting again So that 6.3 The dimension of a slope is shown in Figure 6.2. Calculate the factor of safety of the following cases: (a) Without tension crack, the properties of Soil (1) are kPa, , kN/m3; The properties of Soil (2) are kPa, , kN/m3 (no water table). (b) With tension crack filled with water, repeat the calculation in (a). (c) Without tension crack, the properties of Soil (1) are kPa, , kN/m3 (below water table) and kN/m3 (above water table); the properties of Soil (2) are kPa, , kN/m3 (below water table) and kN/m3 (above water table). Water table is shown. Figure 6.2 Dimension of the slope and water table (a) Figure 6.3 Model without tension crack or water table Factor of Safety: 1.498 Figure 6.4 Results without tension crack or water table Figure 6.5 Slice 1 – Morgenstern-Price Method (b) Figure 6.6 Model with tension crack filled with water Figure 6.7 Results with tension crack filled with water The safety factor : 1.406 Figure 6.8 Slice 1 – Morgenstern-Price Method (c) Figure 6.9 Model without tension crack but with water table Figure 6.10 Results without tension crack but with water table Factor of Safety: 1.258 Figure 6.11 Slice 1 – Morgenstern-Price Method

Moive Review – 8 Mile

I’m a big fan of rap and hip-hop music, so one of my favorite movies is ‘8 Mile’. It is a semi-autobiographic film about Eminem’s life. Starring well-known artists in the movie industry, such as Brittany Murphy, Mekhi Phifer, Omar Benson, Kim Basinger, and Eminem himself, ‘8 Mile’ became one of the most successful movies about musicians ever made. Set in Detroit, 1995, the story revolves around a white boy named Jimmy ‘B-Rabbit’ Smith, an inspiring rapper, trying to succeed in a music style most known for black artists.Jimmy lives in a trailer park with his mother and his younger sister on 8 Mile Road, the imaginary line that separates Detroit in two halves – the have-gots and have-nots. The very first scene of the movie presents ‘The Shelter’- the building where all the rap battles take place. It is Friday night and it’s time for Jimmy to go on stage and battle lyrically with another inspiring rapper. Bu t when he gets the microphone, he ‘chokes’ and gets booed off stage.That really takes him down and he is almost ready to give up on his dream. After some dramatic twists and turns, Mr. Smith mans up, gets over his pains and plunges in the courage to go back on stage and show everybody what his level of skills is like. In some kind it reminds me of the movie ‘The White People Can’t Jump’. The movie has won many prestigious awards, including an Academic Award for Best Original Song, which makes Eminem the only music artist with an Oscar.Not only with brilliant acting, but also with very good soundtrack and deep and moving lyrics, the film will definitely touch your heart and many people will find themselves in a situation similar to Jimmy’s. To sum up, I’ll say that ‘8 Mile’ is worth watching and I’ll recommend it to not only music lovers, but also everyone interested in realistic movies that will make them think about life opportunities and one-time chances. Moive Review – 8 Mile I’m a big fan of rap and hip-hop music, so one of my favorite movies is ‘8 Mile’. It is a semi-autobiographic film about Eminem’s life. Starring well-known artists in the movie industry, such as Brittany Murphy, Mekhi Phifer, Omar Benson, Kim Basinger, and Eminem himself, ‘8 Mile’ became one of the most successful movies about musicians ever made. Set in Detroit, 1995, the story revolves around a white boy named Jimmy ‘B-Rabbit’ Smith, an inspiring rapper, trying to succeed in a music style most known for black artists.Jimmy lives in a trailer park with his mother and his younger sister on 8 Mile Road, the imaginary line that separates Detroit in two halves – the have-gots and have-nots. The very first scene of the movie presents ‘The Shelter’- the building where all the rap battles take place. It is Friday night and it’s time for Jimmy to go on stage and battle lyrically with another inspiring rapper. Bu t when he gets the microphone, he ‘chokes’ and gets booed off stage.That really takes him down and he is almost ready to give up on his dream. After some dramatic twists and turns, Mr. Smith mans up, gets over his pains and plunges in the courage to go back on stage and show everybody what his level of skills is like. In some kind it reminds me of the movie ‘The White People Can’t Jump’. The movie has won many prestigious awards, including an Academic Award for Best Original Song, which makes Eminem the only music artist with an Oscar.Not only with brilliant acting, but also with very good soundtrack and deep and moving lyrics, the film will definitely touch your heart and many people will find themselves in a situation similar to Jimmy’s. To sum up, I’ll say that ‘8 Mile’ is worth watching and I’ll recommend it to not only music lovers, but also everyone interested in realistic movies that will make them think about life opportunities and one-time chances.

Compare & Contrast of Memento& Memento Mori essays

Compare & Contrast of Memento& Memento Mori essays The beginning of the two pieces are different; in the short story Earl is the name of the main character, and he wakes up in some type of institution. In the film Leonard is the name of the man character, and he is flashing back of what had just at that moment happened. But he wakes up in a motel room, dressed kind of disoriented. The lifestyles of the Earl was also a bit different, but not to in depth. Leonards lifestyle in the film was more luxurious; he drove a Jaguar XK8 and wrote a suit that he had stolen off of a dead man. Before that point he was driving a truck and wore just normal clothes. In both the short story and in the film they both had a wade of cash. The tattoos where also different from the film then in the short story. Earl had a tattoo of a man face on his chest. He also had backwards writing on his chest. In the film, Leonard didnt have a tattoo of a mans face on his chest. Leonard had writing across his chest and some of it was backwards. The details of the tattoos varied from the film to the short story. In the film they showed every tattoo that he had gotten. He had numbered his clues, in the film. In story they only spoke about three to four tattoos. The ending of each piece in completely different, in the film it just ends in the film after he kills the killer;Teddy John Edwards Gammell. In the story, I think it is interesting how in the story is paints a good picture what had just happened after Earl had killed what he believes is the killer. It in the story the writer almost gives you a choice on what you would like to happen. Either he is in a taxi or in a police cruiser. In the film when Leonard killed teddy he almost didnt know what to do after that. It seemed like there was nothing left for him to live because he had gotten his revenge on his wifes killer. After Earl had killed the killer he was searching for a...

Business Alliances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Alliances - Essay Example This might result from factors including equity; nationality; relational capabilities; and knowledge and experiences. Alliances usually bring the merging of different firms which have diverse national, cultural backgrounds. Besides, they have different interests and market share. This might result into unequal market share in which some firms enjoy a dominance over others. Therefore, it reaches a point when they need to be dissolved so as to enable each of the partners to part ways (DePamphilis, D., 2008). However, in my opinion, I believe that learning and experience is the most important factor in an alliance. It can have a greater influence in the termination of alliance because it can enable the partnering firms to gain knowledge on modern technology, innovations and current industry trends. However, without knowledge, it might not be easier for any alliance to work. With no knowledge and experience about the market trends, it will not be an easy task to produce goods and services which will satisfy the clients. Therefore, deliberate steps should be taken to ensure that information is sought. Knowledge is a very powerful tool in the success of any business

''Critically discuss the approaches a non-financial company should Essay

''Critically discuss the approaches a non-financial company should take in defining, measuring and effectively managing the risks inherent in a potential new project.'' - Essay Example The company plans its operations well in advance. These plans are based on an analysis of past activities and estimated forecasts. When the actual result matches with the planned result there is a gain but when the actual outcome is different from the expectation there is a loss. Despite this the activities of the company are based on the forecasts. This means that the company is taking a risk. Suppose, there is a company X Ltd based in US. A research by the company reveals that there is a good market for its product in Canada. To tap the Canadian market the company wishes to start its operations in Canada. For a new project the company requires funds for buying equipments, employing man-power, procuring materials etc. The funds required for setting up its new operations can be obtained as loans from financial institutions. But the availability of loan depends on the market conditions. It is difficult to obtain loan in a tight monetary market. During these times the company has to pa y a high rate of interest for securing loans. This raises the interest obligations of the company. Moreover the company is also subject to the risk of interest rate fluctuations. This is called interest rate risk. If the company avails a floating rate loan, a rise in the rate of interest pushes up its interest cost. This can be hedged with the help of swaps and derivative instruments (Nawalkha et al, 2005, P1). The material constitutes the most important part of the input. Its non-availability can have an adverse impact on production levels. If the company relies on a single supplier then it can be exposed to the unjust demands of the supplier. This can give rise to instances of short-supply, unfair prices etc. On account of his supreme position, he can demand for unfavourable terms of credit. If the supplier has a monopolistic position in the market he can ask for higher prices for the