Reducing School Violence Essay - 846 Words

There are numerous programs and studies aimed at reducing school violence, but how does a school district know what type of program would work best for their students? In the article, Reducing School Violence: School-Based Curricular Programs and School Climate (2008), Michael Greene, reviewed different approaches on reducing school violence to determine if one approach was better than another. One of the hardest components of researching the effectiveness of school violence prevention/reduction programs is the fact that all researchers view â€Å"violence† differently. In this study, Greene (2008) defines violence as the intentional behavior of one person to another where there is a threat, attempted harm, or actual harm. Greene (2008)†¦show more content†¦When comparing the different types of school-based curriculum programs no one program or framework seems better than another. Although, some research points to these programs having a higher impact in reducing violence and aggression with low-income students versus middle-income students (Wilson Lipsey, 2007). So it is possible to think some programs could work better for certain communities than others. While researchers feel the school-based curriculum programs can reduce school violence there is a need for further research. Many researchers question the long-term effects of school-based curriculum programs, are the positive outcomes sustainable over long periods of time? Another drawback to these programs is the fact they are only geared toward the students. Many times researchers f eel the whole school district needs attention, not just the students. Another type of school violence prevention/ reduction program is school climate change programs. Many researchers feel an important component in school violence is assessing the cultural norms of the school district or the â€Å"school climate†. Some researchers believe that the interpersonal relationships within the school system should be analyzed to see if the climate promotes aggression, and if so if the climate can be modified. For example, the relationships between students andShow MoreRelatedSchool Violence Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesPreventing school violence has been an issue in our society for so long it has almost become commonplace. According to an article on www.infoplease.com, since the year 2000, there have been a recorded 64 shooting related incidents that involved publicly occupied areas. That is an occurrence of almost five per year. Of those 64, 94% of these incidents were school related shootings. The violence goes from elementary schools all the way u p to college universities. The statistics are not pretty by anyRead MoreSchool Shootings And Its Impact On Student s Safety And Education1406 Words   |  6 Pagesin possession of a firearm while on school properties and if this will decrease the number and magnitude of school shootings. Many scholars believe equipping teachers with firearms will be costly and end up unnecessarily endangering more students, but many scholars claim that a teacher should be the last line of defense against a school shooter. The question this paper hopes to answer is how can equipping teachers who teach grades K-12 help to prevent school shootings in the United States. ThisRead MoreThe Effects Of School Violence On Today s Youth2247 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract This research investigates definitions of school violence in general and as a subset of youth violence in particular and investigates and the core environmental factors and the individual student risk factors found to contribute to school violence. The research also includes investigation into the effects of school violence on today’s youth in general and the negative outcomes of school violence including poor physical health, poor mental health, poor academic achievement, and a decreasedRead MorePreventing School Violence608 Words   |  2 Pagesor experienced some form of school violence is growing at an alarming rate. School violence has been increasing rapidly but there are ways to prevent it. School violence is defined as anything that jeopardizes a schools educational mission. This includes bullying, fights, assault, harassment, and even shootings. Over the years, there has been an increase in cases. But, there are ways to slow the increase of school violence. School violence is posing harm to schools across the United States. PreventionRead More Increasing Student Achievement through Preventing School Violence3204 Words   |  13 PagesIncreasing Student Achievement through Preventing School Violence Introduction School violence is any type of violence, whether it is a simple threat on another student or a school shooting, that happens in the school environment. Student achievement is the efforts made by the student to work hard in the classroom. The purpose of this research paper is to examine how school violence impacts student achievement. It would seem that school violence would have a negative impact on student achievementRead MoreEssay about Positive Behaviour Support2130 Words   |  9 Pagesimplementation of simple reinforcement strategies†¦can have a significant influence on the social climate of an entire school.’ (As cited in Zirpoli, 2012, p. 257). With this in mind, this paper aims to analyse and compare the School’s management, welfare, and discipline policies with positive behaviour support models, specifically Mayer’s (1999) constructive discipline approach. The School reflects the view that the world is multifaceted and ever changing. If you only have one way for your classroom toRead MoreA Research Proposal On Preventing School Violence1089 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: Preventing School Violence Aim: The primary goal for this proposal is to provide the staff with recommendations to design a research proposal studying the violence in our public schools. Methods of prevention should be discussed on how to prevent reoccurring violence or how we can lessen the opportunities of school violence. These recommendations are ones that create a positive and safe environment for both students and staff. My recommendations will cover the following aspects: †¢ EducationRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Public Health Policy Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesViolence compromises physical health and threatens the safety of our communities (Public health policy paper). In our nation violence continues to cause premature death, disability and injury yet there are insufficient efforts to prevent it (Public health policy paper). Currently, our interventions to prevent violence occur after a violent crime has occurred. The focus is to incarcerate individuals who have committed a violent crime (public health policy paper). We are failing to fix the infrastructureRead MoreSchool Violence1125 Words   |  5 PagesFinding a Solution to School Violence Anita Lopez Kaplan University CM-220 School is a place where children should go to learn, educate themselves, make lifelong friends and most importantly they should feel safe. The violence in schools has increased over the years and many schools aren’t sure how to handle this growing problem in an appropriate manner. School violence may come in various forms and some of the most common forms of school violence include physical abuses, bullying, brawlRead MoreCommunity Counseling Resources Essay727 Words   |  3 Pages In this paper will analyze primary, secondary, and tertiary couple and family interventions provided by community resources. In this paper will provide a community resource that works with issues of domestic violence and the primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions that the resource provides. A further analysis will be provided on any gaps that may exist in the interventions and an explanation of how to address those gaps. . According to (Wolfe, 2011)

Gdp .. Measure of Welfare - 2473 Words

ENPC-EHTP-MBAXIV A MA 1407 : Business Economics in a Global Market Individual Assignment GDP vs. Welfare The Moroccan Example Othmane Bouzoubaa Student ID : MA14 - 016 April – May 2012 This paper emphasis on GDP as an inefficient measure of welfare using arguments from the Moroccan example. MBAXIV A – MA 1407 – Business Economics in a Global Market GDP Welfare – The Moroccan Example Table of Contents 1. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 3.2 4. 5. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 From GDP to Welfare................................................................................................................... 3 GDP†¦show more content†¦Such capital consumption (ranging from 10% in UK and more than 20% in Japan) prevents (at least partially) any rise of GDP from benefiting consumers and only replaces physical capital. Similarly, expenditure on crime prevention and security adds significantly to GDP but only restores a safe environment. Medical expenditure as a result of air and noise pollution also adds to GDP as do diet classes, antidepressants and a sizeable list of other items...i.e. hence comes the notion of the Net Domestic Product as the result of subtracting capital consumption from GDP. Second, GDP measures income produced in a country but not how much of it is received by people in that country. Implicitly speaking, some income may go to foreigners. This is particularly the case in Ireland, which transfers a non negligible 15% of primary income to the rest of the world. On the other side, other countries (Japan and Germany for instance) are net recipients of income from abroad leading to the rise in income of residents outpacing the rise in GDP. Here comes to notion of the Net National Product as the result of subtracting net income receipts from abroad from net domestic product. Third, GDP â€Å"objectively† counts monetary transactions (including estimates for those in the shadow economy) and very often misses many other activities that people â€Å"subjectively† value like caring forShow MoreRelatedThe Problems with Using GDP/GNP as a Measurement to Compare Welfare Between Countries1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe Problems with Using GDP/GNP as a Measurement to Compare Welfare Between Countries National Income is defined as the sum total of all goods and services, i.e. of all incomes produced over a period of time which is normally a year. It examines the level of economic activity of this period. National Income is â€Å"flow† measure because the income of a country flows over a period of time rather than being measured at a special point in time as for example wealth is. HoweverRead MoreThe Limitations of GDP as a Measure of Well Being878 Words   |  4 PagesThe Limitations of GDP as a Measure of Well Being A primary aim of governments economic policy includes economic development and management. The presence of a growing economy is perceived as a positive characteristic; with increasing gross domestic product (GDP) being interpreted as positive sign of social well being (van den Bergh, 2008). Countries with a high GDP have higher taxes paid to government, who may use those taxes to provide public services such as education and health, which in turnRead MoreEvaluation Of The Alternative Of Economic Progress1397 Words   |  6 PagesJohnson September 18, 2015 Evaluation of the Alternatives to GDP in the Measuring of Economic Progress Measuring the success of a country in modern society is very important as it influences future decisions made to improve economy. The main indicator used to measure a country’s success is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced, usually annually. Just like all indicators, GDP has several limitations and may not be the best-suited indicatorRead MoreGross Domestic Product ( Gdp )920 Words   |  4 PagesGross Domestic Product (GDP) is an economic objective used to predict and measure economic growth and output. GDP is defined as the monetary value of all goods and services produced in an economy in one year. This includes manufactured and agricultural goods, as well as services such as hairdressing and plumbing. Gross domestic product can be measured for an economy is two ways, the expenditure method and the income method. Expenditure method: GDP= I + C + G +(X-M) I – private investmentRead MoreEconomics1509 Words   |  7 Pagesbe run and by who. 2.1 Which is more meaningful to economic policy makers, nominal or real GDP? Does your answer make any assumptions about what policy makers want to know? Justify your answer. Real GDP is more meaningful to economic policy makers than nominal GDP. Nominal GDP is measured in current prices which may be influenced by an increasing general price level. In other words, nominal GDP is highly influenced by inflation (Gupta, Mandal amp; Gupta, 2008). It is important to point outRead MoreGdp and the Standards of Living752 Words   |  4 Pagesevaluated by the measure of GDP, level of inflation, net exports and fiscal balance. Evaluation by using the GDP as an indicator would be relevant as it reflects the total national economic activity and the level of wealth of the society. GDP per capita is adjusted for the size of the economy in terms differences in price levels and also population of the country. There are many factors that would affect the standard of living in a country. Some that cannot be measured by the GDP and some that canRead MoreGrowth Rates1029 Words   |  5 Pagesthe limitations of the GDP in measuring total output and national welfare? What p roducts (services) are excluded from the GDP computation? Gross domestic product(GDP) is defined as â€Å"the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually within the boundaries of the United States, whether by U.S. or foreign-supplied resources† (McConnell, 2012, p. G11). GDP has limitations when measuring total output and national welfare because it is a monetary value. GDP only counts final goodsRead MoreGdp And Total Expenditure On Purchasing A New Houses Essay904 Words   |  4 Pages1. GDP is the monetary value allocated to all goods and services produced within a given country. This excludes the net income accruing from abroad. GDP can be measured using the total expenditure approach for calculating National Income as a summation of total expenditure on commodities produced in a given economy. Any expenditure on purchasing a new houses is excluded. The final consumption of the government is also included together with all current expenditure. Their expenditure on fixed assetsRead MoreGdp Is the Best Measure of a Countrys Standard of980 Words   |  4 PagesGDP is the best measure of a country’s â€Å"standard of living† Discuss Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of everything produced in the economy for the year. It usually is used to provide economic growth rates and other important data, it is valued in terms of the cost of all inputs. Gross means total; domestic means it applies to everything produced within the economy, product means output. Standard of living refers to the wellbeing of the population, this requires a very wide range of dataRead MoreHow Do Government Deficits And Debt Affect U.s. Economic Welfare?1023 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion evaluated in this annotated bibliography is â€Å"How do government deficits and debt affect U.S. economic welfare?† The research question addressed by this article is how do deficit and debt effect interest rates? The article begins by showing the complexity of measuring these elements do to the business cycle and its effects on the variables. The author proposes the best way to measure deficit and debts effect on interest rates is to take future values for interest rates and the projected amounts

The Importance of the 14th Amendment Free Essays

The fourteenth amendment covers equal protection as well as due process. One of the most influential amendments that is still playing a huge role even today in the court system is the equal protection clause. This clause which states in section 1 â€Å"No State shall†¦ deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of the 14th Amendment or any similar topic only for you Order Now † In section 5, the Amendment establishes the federal civil rights legislation: â€Å"The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. These clauses have been the basis for many court challenges, and ultimately the Supreme Court must decide if discrimination issues are unreasonably discriminatory against a particular group or class of individuals. This country has witnessed laws challenged under this Amendment such as the separate but equal laws, also known as Jim Crow laws. The Supreme Court must use three different tests to determine if a law breaks the equal protection clause. The three tests are to include strict scrutiny, which prevents certain groups from practicing a fundamental right, such as freedom of speech. The law must be a compelling state interest. A law based on a suspect classification such as race falls under this test. There must be justification that a law is written and it is a compelling state interest. The next test is intermediate scrutiny. This is more difficult for the Court to decide on, but under this test, laws based on gender classification are allowed only when they are clearly related to a government issue. The punishment for statutory rape was an example used. Men are punished but women generally aren’t. The reason being, women are the ones who become pregnant, so an over age man who impregnates an under aged girl has left her dealing with the ramifications of his actions. It is not as clear cut with an over aged women and under aged male. Yet having separate drinking ages for males and females does not meet the criteria of the intermediate scrutiny because it is unreasonable to think there should be any different in the genders in this case. The last test is the rational test. Most laws pass this test as most laws are reasonable. An example given was a city that didn’t want street venders in a certain area of town. The city just needs to show that it is reasonable to not want venders in an area because the city doesn’t want an increase in traffic issues in an area, or any other reasonable justification for prohibiting certain actions. This clause however has been used to eventually overturn the idea that separate but equal is constitutional. In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated school was a violation and even harmful to children. Much of the civil rights movement was based on this clause, that all people are to be equal under the eyes of the law. Today we are looking at very similar battles going on in our courts. It is no longer an issue of race or even gender, but disabilities and sexual orientation. Many are fighting for their equal protection under the law. They aren’t asking for special treatment, just equal treatment, as protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. How to cite The Importance of the 14th Amendment, Essay examples

Elivs Presley His Life Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Elivs Presley, His Life Essay, Research Paper Elvis Aron Presley was born on January 8, 1935, in one of the two suites of his parents shotgun hovel in Tupelo, Mississippi. Elvis was the first born in a set of twins. However the younger, Jesse Garon, whose name was created to rime with his brother s, was still born. Vernon Elvis and Gladys Presley were typical Missippian periods of their coevals. Vernon was a truck driver for a dairy and a sweeping food market. Gladys worked as a stitching machine operator at the Tupelo Garment Factory. The Presley household was the prototype of the word hapless, populating on, and off, public assistance. Vernon even spent clip in Parchman Prison for composing bad cheques. At the age of 10, Elvis came in 2nd topographic point at the Mississippi- Alabama Fair and Dairy Show endowment competition for his rendering of Old Shep. The award for the competition was a meager five dollars and free admittance to the amusement drives, but ten- year- old Acid may hold obtained a much greater gift from the competition: inspiration. For his 11th birthday, Elvis wanted a bike. Alternatively, he received a little, really inexpensive guitar. His uncles taught him some chords, and before long, he was singing and attach toing himself in church. In his ulterior young person, Elvis vowed to acquire rich and purchase his Mother a Cadillac. He told her so out loud and even in forepart of company. Throughout his young person, Elvis was influenced by many musical genres. Elvis coevals was the first that had entree to the wireless, so he heard blues, state and western, dad, and black Gospel. His favourite manner of music, White Gospel, was learned firsthand in church. For the Presley s, music began in the church. Old ages subsequently, Elvis boasted of cognizing practically every spiritual vocal that has of all time been written. When I was four or five, Elvis recalled all I looked frontward to was Sundays, when we could travel to church. This was the lone vocalizing preparation I of all time had. The Presley household attended the First Assembly of God, a Pentecostal church, foremost in Tupelo, and subsequently in Memphis, Tennessee. Elvis evidently learned a great trade of his stagecraft from the showy Pentecostal sermonizers of his young person, with their frequent usage of theatrics and dance. However, the Gospel fours made the greatest feeling on Elvis. Later he would state that his musical inspiration was Jake Hess, the lead vocalist of the Statesmen Quartet. Although Jake Hess was his greatest inspiration, he surely was non the lone influence. Acid and his household moved to Memphis when he was approximately 13. Around the age of 16, he began hanging out around the celebrated Beale Street. It was during this clip that Elvis became interested in the Blues. The Blues was still in it s babyhood, and Beale street was known to be it s place of birth. Other well-known influences were Roy Orbison, with whom Elvis was so impressed, that he died his ain light brown hair black, Hank Williams, a state vocalist from Alabama, and Jerry Lieber and Mike Stoller, a song-writing squad from the 1950ss, who subsequently wrote many of his vocals. However, his first love proved to be his most inspiring of all. Throughout his calling, Elvis surrounded himself with Gospel music and gospel creative persons. Great groups such as the Jordinaires, the Imperials, and J.D. Sumner and the Stamps, combined their voices with his to organize a traditional manner four with five voices alternatively of four. Normally Elvis had all voices balanced equally to organize chords, virtually concealing the tune line within the chord, a contrast to the backup- group manner of his heroes Jake Hess and the Statesmen. Elvis summed up his greatest stylistic musical influence with the quotation mark, Rock and Roll is fundamentally merely gospel music, or gospel music assorted with beat and blues. I should indicate out that Jake Hess continues to sing today, making solo day of the months all over the state and the universe, in the same manner that turned on Elvis as a immature male child. Mr. Hess remains really popular in his several genre, Southern Gospel music. In June of 1953, Elvis graduated from high school and set out to happen a occupation. He found work at the Precision Tool Company mill but after two hebdomads left for a truck-driving occupation with the Crown Electric Company. On July 18, 1953, Elvis visited the Memphis Recording Service, which was in the same edifice as the now celebrated Sun Studios. The mark on the door read, We Record Anything- Anytime- Anywhere, $ 3 One Side, $ 4 Two Sides. The recording service was a out of bounds for a adult male named Sam Phillips, proprietor of Sun Records, to do a small money from local people desiring to recognize their dreams and take their first measure on the manner to going a star. Marion Keisker, Phillips secretary, was running the recording service on that busy twenty-four hours and, because of the crowd, Elvis had to patiently wait a great length of clip for his bend to enter music. Elvis had come to recor d a vocal for his female parent s birthday, or at least that is what he told Keisker. However, it has since been realized that Elvis likely merely wanted to hear himself, ( until this clip it is dubious Elvis had been given the chance to hear himself. ) because, his female parent s birthday was in April, approximately 10 months after Elvis was doing his first recording. A few old ages subsequently Elvis stated, I went to Sun, paid my four vaulting horses to the lady because I had a impression to happen out what I truly sounded like. I had been singing all my life and I was sort of funny. The studio itself was really little. It measured a mere 30 by 18 pess ; but all of the equipment, which was something Elvis had neer seen before, made him experience non merely really nervous, but besides awestruck. Elvis hated his first recording and subsequently said that it sounded like person was crushing on a pail palpebra. Keisker, nevertheless, felt otherwise about the sound that Elvis was bring forthing and because of that, slipped a trim tape into an excess recording machine, a pattern that was merely unheard of. She felt that she had found precisely what Sam Phillps was seeking for. Sam was ever stating that if he could happen a white adult male who could sing with the sound and feel of a black adult male, he could do a billion dollars. Keisker thought she had found that adult male. Before Elvis left the entering booth that twenty-four hours, Keisker took down his reference and a telephone figure of a neighbour, because the Presley s had no phone at the clip. When Sam Phillips heard the recording, he was said to hold liked it, but was surely non overwhelmed by it. He did non even think about it until the following January, when Elvis re-visited the studio. This clip Phillips was runing the studio when Elvis paid another four dollars and recorded a 2nd demo. It was the 2nd recording that caught the ear of Phillips. It is unknown if Elvis sounded better this clip around, or if his theatrics, which he was later widely known for, aided in his winning Phillips over. Nevertheless, Sam Phillips personally took down Presley s reference and the neighbour s phone figure, but still refused to name. Sometime later in the twelvemonth, Sam Phillips received a demo recording of a vocal from Nashville. The vocal, Without You, was a simple lay. The vocal itself fascinated Phillips and he was prepared to let go of the vocal precisely as it was. He loved non merely the vocal but besides the vocalist. However, as frequently happened, the demo vocalist was an unknown black child who merely happened to be hanging around the studio. No one knew who he was or where he was. At Keisker s petition, Phillips called Elvis. Because he had recorded merely laies at their studio, he seemed like a good lucifer. Elvis was at the studio ready to get down about before Phillips could hang up his terminal of the phone. Elvis recorded the vocal, but could neer acquire it right. No affair how hard he tried, the takes were awful, and acquiring increasingly worse. It was Elvis first professional chance, and he had met his lucifer in vocal. Elvis went into a awful fury, which he was good known for later in life, shouting, I hate him! I hate him. During a interruption later in the session, with both Elvis and Phillips about ready to draw the stopper, Phillips asked Elvis what kind of music he could sing. I can sing anything, Elvis replied, demoing both his continuity, and haughtiness ; pure Elvis. This clip, nevertheless, Elvis broke Forth with a inundation of vocals. All of his influences came clambering through- Gospel, Country, Blues, and Pop. Sam Phillips was impressed. Shortly thenceforth, Elvis Aron Presley, although he changed his in-between name to the traditional spelling Aaron after he became celebrated, received a recording contract with Sun Records and became one of the biggest-selling, most popular creative persons of all times. The importance of Elvis Presley in the history of Rock n Roll still remains unmeasurable. In malice of his iconographic position, the image of Elvis was neer captured in a individual minute of clip, like that of many of his equals. He was non merely the 1950ss, but besides the 1960ss and 1970ss. Many of his rock-ribbed fans love every stage of his calling, while others merely like the early Elvis or subsequently Elvis. Regardless of whom you ask though, everyone has heard of Elvis. In many ways, Elvis life ideally represents the rise and autumn of an icon in popular civilization. Get downing life in utmost poorness and stoping his ain life with more money than he could number, was the rags-to-riches narrative gone bad. Elvis life in many ways represented all that is good, and bad, in the music industry. Twenty-three old ages after his decease, Elvis is still immense. He can be seen in Newspapers, Magazines, and Television specials, ( some people have even seen him working at Dominoes in Kalamazoo ) . His imitators and impersonators are world-wide and cognize no age bound. Yes it is true, 23 old ages subsequently, the adult male who inspired countless others and died a premature decease, is still the King of Rock n Roll.

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Essays - Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Hindu revivalism remains a growing force in India today. It is also a concern among the millions of displaced Hindus scattered around the world. Its roots lie in the belief that Hinduism is an endangered lifestyle. This notion is fuelled by the political assertiveness of minority groups, efforts to convert Hindus to other faiths, suspicions that the political authorities are sympathetic to minority groups and the belief that foreign political and religious ideologies are destroying the Hindu community. Every morning at sunrise, groups of men in military-style uniforms gather together before saffron coloured flags, in all parts of India, to participate in a common set of rituals, physical exercises and lessons. For one hour each day, they are taught to think of themselves as a family with a mission to transform Hindu society. (Andersen and Damle 1) They are the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the largest and most influential organization in India committed to Hindu revivalism. The RSS or National Volunteer Organization, is perhaps the most interesting of any of India's social movements. The growth of the RSS provides a detailed illustration of India's changing face. The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with an early twentieth century view of an organization that emerged out of frustrations among India's Hindu revivalists. These revivalists were discontent with the work of nationalists in politics, and determined to unify the Hindus of India against the ?alien? threa ts within the nation. The origins of nationalist movements in nineteenth century India can be traced to the expansion of Western, English education. Those attracted to the new education came primarily from high caste Hindu groups. Many of the proponents of social, political and religious reform among Hindus were drawn from this English educated class. Until very late in the nineteenth century, most politically articulate Indians were willing to collaborate with the colonial administration. However, a shift from collaboration to criticism began in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Two broad movements emerged among Hindus seeking to define their national identity: modernists and revivalists. The modernists adopted models of social and political change based upon Western patterns; they appreciated many of the Western philosophies and wanted India to follow suit. The revivalist view was based on returning to a Hindu antiquity that was thought to be superior for governing India?a ?Hindu? nation. Many felt that this desire to recreate the age of Hindu grandeur was also a result of English education; ideas of patriotism and nationalism crept into these peoples way of thought. It was the English study of the Indian way of life that added to the revivalist movement. Revivalism included those who wanted to preserve the traditional social order as well as those who sought to reform Hindu society as a way of strengthening Hindu solidarity. The RSS traces its roots to the revivalist feelings that were present at that time. The Hindu revivalists sought to recover fundamental truths about their people. They argued that the loss of national consciousness had created conditions that facilitated British domination of the land. By appealing to an idealized past, the revivalists reminded the Hindu public of the suffering and degradation experienced under British rule. The call for independence was a logical next-step, for the degraded present could only be overcome by eliminating the foreign intruders who had supposedly disrupted the original blissful society. Muslim rulers and the British were identified as sources of that disruption and many revivalist spokesmen sought to place limits on their political power and on their cultural influence. The proposed changes in Hindu society were justified by the proposition that the changes were not new at all, but were in fact a revival of older, purer forms of Hindu culture that had degenerated during foreign rule. Opposition to British rule increased among both the moderates and the more extremists, as the contradictions between colonial rule and new aspirations became obvious. Criticism of India's colonial status was supported by observation of British attitudes. The British viewed Indians and Indian culture as inferior. Educated Indians were considerably upset when the British began to characterize them as feminine, cowardly and unrepresentative of the native culture. The racial arrogance often expressed by European officials, businessmen and

Essence of Effective Communication

Essence of Effective Communication Free Online Research Papers Communication is the key to a successful idea, and/or organization. Keeping in mind that communication entails outgoing and ingoing information that is both delivered and received in a lucrative manner. The two golden rules to communicating effectively are: Organize thoughts in your mind before sharing them with others. Communication is collaborative, not competitive. Leaders of today are the vehicles of a successful exchange of ideas, and are looked to for understanding as well as motivating, leading and keeping the vision alive. In this paper I will show comparison, while contrasting three different models of effective communication, illustrating five tools that leaders can use to improve their communication skills. Essence of Effective Communication No matter how brilliant and invaluable your idea, it is worthless unless you can share it with others. For this reason, effective communication is crucial at every level of an organization. However, the ability to communicate effectively does not come easily to many people, and it is a skill that requires practice. We begin practicing our communication skills even before we learn to walk. A newborn child communicates by crying, but it slowly learns to mimic its parents speech. Eventually, the child discovers that certain speech patterns elicit different responses; one of the joys of parenting is trying to decipher the meaning behind certain â€Å"words.† Slowly, through trial and error, the child learns to manipulate sounds to get what it wants, and as the child develops, this active oral practice leads to more nuanced and fluid conversations. In short, the child learns effective communication. (Sussil, 2002.) To effectively communicate a complex idea, however, requires skills beyond elementary conversation. There are two golden rules to follow. -Organize thoughts in your mind before sharing them with others. This rule involves decoding and encoding before and during a two-way conversation, as in the Interactional Model. One idea often prompts a torrent of others. In order to share your ideas, you must first shape them coherently. Organization is important, because it creates a pattern for your listener, allowing him or her to grasp the larger picture intuitively. This allows the listener to focus on the details of your message, without struggling to understand how you went from Point A to Point B. As a thought experiment, imagine that a colleague has asked you for directions to the airport. Write them down. Your directions will probably look something like: -Drive west half a mile on Aurora. -Take a left on Madison. -At the third light, turn right and follow Dexter for 2-3 miles. -Get on the interstate, heading south. Now, with a pair of scissors, cut each line of instructions into a small strip of paper. Jumble the strips up and arrange them in a completely random order, then give them to your colleague. Even with mixed-up directions, s/he should have no trouble reaching the airport, right? After all, your directions are complete and accurate. Not a single step is missing. The problem, of course, is that your directions are also completely unorganized, rendering them useless. Your colleague will find it impossible to focus on your message itself, because he or she will struggle to follow your messages structure (or lack thereof). (Wright, 2003.) For this reason, practicing the tool of listening for the content of the message to be reflected from the listener, would prove to be effective if the communication is rendered unorganized. -Communication is collaborative, not competitive. As noted in the Linear Model, where communication is only one-way, thrusting your idea on others mars the beauty and integrity of conversation. Communication is in some ways like a dance; each partner plays off the other, basing his or her steps on the other persons, while simultaneously maintaining a certain amount of individuality. Communication is a two-way process involving an exchange of ideas. If you try to make it one-way, you prevent this exchange and will eventually frustrate the other person. You may also frustrate yourself, if you read the other persons lack of verbosity as disinterest in the conversation, rather than an inability to get a word in. The hallmark of effective communication is the coherent verbal projection of your ideas, so that your listener receives the message that you intend to send. By observing these two rules, you will reduce miscommunication and misunderstandings. (Hall, 2000.) With this goal, the practice of noting the speaker’s cues, both verbal and nonverbal the communication will not only remain effective, but will continue following the Interactional and Transactional models of communication, where the conversation flows two-ways, in both listening and leading. In a world with so much information available, why do employees still complain that companies are under-communicating? Can leaders, who rose in the hierarchy due to their ability to talk, learn the value of listening? With the speed of information exchange growing exponentially, how can we slow down to have the deeper, more meaningful conversations that are so critical in the age of knowledge management and learning organizations? These are just a few examples of today‘s barriers to effective communications. Without impactful communications, companies will not be able to attract, retain and inspire the employee. Inspire because without inspiration, there is no commitment. Without commitment, there is no discretionary effort. And without that critical extra effort, a company cannot achieve or maintain its competitive edge. (Ashton, 2002.) Now, more than ever, leaders need to think of themselves as communication vehicles. In the past leaders were often promoted based on their ability to talk. Now there is a greater expectation for leaders to be great listeners to their employees, their customers, and other stakeholders. The job of leadership today is not just to make money. It‘s to make meaning. For this reason, leaders must become proficient in listening, as well as communicating in a transactional and Interactional form. Because practicing reflecting back to the speaker what one thought they heard, and listening for the feelings of the speaker, a leader is providing a continual transaction of communication to take place, while clarifying understanding. The importance of this new role, and the inadequacy many leaders may feel, is evident in the increase in executive coaching consultants and training programs that are designed to increase these skills. Today senior leadership must not only be able to clearly formulate their vision for the organization, but also to convincingly communicate it such that employees will want to commit to it. (Frost, 2004.) Under these conditions a leader has demonstrated to the listener a skill of responding to the feelings of the speaker. If I may repeat, reflecting back to the speaker what you think you are hearing is essential in ensuring that you have received the information the speaker is trying to convey, and that comprehension is clarified. One example that comes to mind is from PLATO’S REPUBLIC (1992) in Book I, where Socrates defends his account on what justice is by his definition. Questioned by Thrasymachus, Socrates states his position that justice is the advantage of the established rule. Thrasymachus restates to the speaker in his own words what he thought the speaker said, thus allowing the speaker to respond to further clarify the message being sent (Hersey, Blanchard, Johnson, 2001, p.251) â€Å"And a law is correct if it prescribes what is to the rulers’ own advantage and incorrect if it prescribes what is to their disadvantage? Is that what you mean?† (Reeve, 1992, p.15) Ashton, John. (2002.) Barriers to Communication. New York Publishing. Frost, Amanda. (2004.) The Importance of Communication. BB Press House. Hall, Martin. (2000.) Effective Communication. San Diego Journal, Vol. 18. Sussil, Michael. (2002.) Communication Matters. Ivy Print. Wright, Paul. (2003.) Beyond Words. Simon Schuster Publications. Research Papers on Essence of Effective CommunicationAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesMind TravelComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is Art

The Body Shop and the Cosmetics Industry Dissertation

The Body Shop and the Cosmetics Industry - Dissertation Example The Body shop is the second largest cosmetic franchise in the world and founded by the late Dame Anita Roddick. Headquartered in Little Hampton, THE Body Shop is known for its vegetable-based products ranging from Body Butter, Peppermint Foot Lotion, and Hemp (Corporate Report 2009). The Body Shop has emphasized its support for a wide range of issues around the globe. The company is noted for a range of product environmental innovation. For example, rather than using new bottling bottles from the shop, they press on using their own bottles. (Report 2007). 1.1 Problem Statements and Research Questions Although the concept of CSR has gained prominence during the last couple of decades, little research has addressed the concept within The Body Shop. This paper seeks to open another research area by focusing on The Body Shop and cosmetic industry. Thus, this paper addresses three important questions. 1. Why is CSR an increasingly relevant factor within the cosmetics industry 2. How is CSR implemented by The Body Shop to gain competitive advantage in the cosmetics industry However, this is limited to the body shop as focusing on the body shop has a number of advantages. For example it pioneered CSR behaviours in the cosmetic industry. 3. How has The Body Shop's practice of CSR demonstrated a correlation with customer purchasing behaviour Has this been affected by the recent takeover of The Body Shop by L'Oreal 1.2 Objectives and Purpose of Study This research focuses on the cosmetic industry. The purpose of the paper is to address and examine CSR activities in the cosmetic industry focusing on the body shop. The main purpose is to examine why CSR is an increasingly relevant factor within the cosmetic industry. Another objective is to... These issues pose significant challenges for companies as far as their competitive position and long-term performance is concerned. Consequently, it is necessary for companies to design CSR policies that would enable customers and other major stakeholders to perceive them as genuine companies. Such an approach will go a long way to improving the competitive position and long-term performance of the company. Companies must also increase the information that they disclose in their corporate social responsibility reports as this increases the company’s chances of being perceived as a transparent company and thus its chances of performing well in the community. This dissertation through theories and literature explores the concept of CSR and thereby takes a case study approach and analyses the application of CSR in the cosmetics industry and more specifically in ‘The Body Shop’. The Body Shop has made a name for itself in the cosmetics industry by trading the path of honesty and integrity in terms of its CSR policies. In conclusion, despite its noble approach towards CSR and better future environment over the years, it has many rooms for improvement.Here, it is important to note here that, CSR activities have become the values of the body shop, through its belief and emphasis on natural ingredients and environmental activities, the body shop has distinguished itself from other beauty shops in the cosmetic industry. Its emphasis on socially responsible and corporate citizenship has created a competitive edge in the market.

International relations major Personal Statement - 1

International relations major - Personal Statement Example n of a conservative nation of the Middle East, I consider myself at an appropriate position to study international relations as my major subject as it will not only help me in understanding the value of good relations between neighboring countries but also will improve and enhance my knowledge of different cultures worldwide. Saudi Arabia ranks among the fastest developing countries of the present world, which experience high rates of migration to different parts of the world. In addition, the country’s relationship with other nations is at its peak due to various factors such as the war on terror, oil trade, politics, and sports. The perceived link between Islam and terrorism and the economic and social status of women living in Saudi Arabian republic are two main reasons for me to study International Relations as this program focuses on the study of different cultures and societies, the thoughts of political and general public belonging to different countries, the influence of public perception, and governments’ national and international policies. I firmly accept that an influential and so far-reaching subject warrants a critical understanding and analysis at higher levels. Earning a degree from one of the top ranked universities of the world would give me a competitive edge in my professional career. I have decided to apply in name of university because this educational institute has an experienced faculty not only in the department of International Relations studies but also in all other fields of study. Studying under the guidance of expert teachers will allow me to gain invaluable information about my intended major and grow intellectually in an appropriate manner. I am capable of working under severe conditions because of the experience gained from working for different organizations. As far as my short-term and long-term goals are concerned, I have planned them according to my personal and professional interests. For example, my short-term goal is

HRM and the 'Employee Engagement' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HRM and the 'Employee Engagement' - Essay Example Employee engagement is a modern concept in scientific management theories. According to Scarlett Surveys International (2011), â€Å"employee Engagement is a measurable degree of an employee's positive or negative emotional attachment to their job, colleagues and organization which profoundly influences their willingness to learn and perform at work† (Scarlett Surveys International, 2011). An organization may have thousands of employees; however, it is not necessary that all the employees may show same commitment to the organization. At least some of the employees may show some kind of negative attitude towards the organization and they may not deliver 100% of their productivity. â€Å"According to the Gallup Management Journal's Employee Engagement Index, 29% of employees are actively engaged in their jobs, 54% are not-engaged, and 17% are actively disengaged† (Employee Engagement - Excerpts from the Gallup Survey, 2011).The success and failure of an organization lies in its ability to increase the employee engagement statistics and reduce the instances of serious employee disengagement statistics. In other words, ‘Employee Engagement' is Central to an organization's success and HR professionals have a pivotal role in reducing employee disengagement or increasing employee engagement. ... There are many instances in which employees forced to accept certain jobs which are not their cup of tea. Since unemployment is a big problem all over the world, people accept jobs even if they are not comfortable with it. In other words, many people accept jobs because of circumstantial pressures. Such people will show disengagement in their profession which is not good for the organization. A right person at the right place is always a blessing to the organization whereas a wrong person at a critical position may always create problems to the organization. However, it is difficult for an organization to allot jobs always based on the interests of the employees. Modern organizational world may not be comfortable enough to specialists since the demand for all-rounders are growing day by day. Modern organizations ask their employees to work in various departments in order to utilize them effectively based on market fluctuations. For example, the demand for certain goods may vary time to time. It is nonproductive for an organization to keep a huge production workforce idle for longer periods when the demand for their goods becomes low. At the same time, it is unwise to appoint more sales staffs to increase sales when many of the production people remains idle. In such cases, the company may ask some of its production staffs to work in sales department. Production people may find difficulties while they work in sales department because of their lack of skills in canvassing sales. So they will try to show disengagement in their new assignment which is not good for the organization. In such cases, the organization should adopt

The intelligence and definition of Led Policing

The intelligence and definition of Led Policing A lot has been discussed about Intelligence Led Policing (ILP), yet there is no standard definition of ILP (McGarrell, Freilich, Chermak, 2007). Ratcliffe (2003) said it is the application of criminal intelligence analysis as objective decision making tool in order to facilitate crime reduction and crime prevention through effective policing strategies and external partnership projects drawn from an evidential base. His notion found support from Sheptycki (2005) who defined Intelligence Led Policing as The technological effort to manage information about threats and risks in order to strategically manage the policing mission. Lint (2006) differs slightly and says ILP is a policing model which is built around risk assessment and risk management. He also says ILP is a strategic, future-oriented and targeted approach to crime control, focusing upon the identification, analysis and management of persisting and developing problems or risks. In the last several years, the definition of ILP has been expanded to include more integrated to tenets of Problem Oriented police solving. This has led to revision and a new definition of ILP as : Intelligence ­led policing is a business model and managerial philosophy where data analysis andcrime intelligence are pivotal to an objective, decision ­making framework that facilitates crime and problem reduction, disruption and prevention through both strategic management and effective enforcement strategies that target prolific and serious offenders. (Ratcliffe, 2008) The 3i Model Ratcliffe (1993) was looking for a simple model to intelligence and crime analysts what their function in an intelligence-led policing environment should be. This was because most of them spent analysing crime on a micro environment while forgetting about the bigger picture. Ratcliffe along with an Australian Federal agent analysed the situation and came up with a 3i model to show or suggest to the crime analysts the purpose of crime analysis in the modern policing world. It is a more proactive model compared to the previous methodology of problem oriented policing. Ratcliffe (2003) said that intelligence-driven crime reduction is a three-stage process, which requires that: law enforcement agencies interpret the criminal environment, influence decision-makers which may include people not sworn in as police officers like the general public, judiciary, the legislature, other organisations and the criminals themselves, and finally the decision-makers impact on the criminal environment. This 3i model (interpret, influence, impact) is used as the framework for an evaluation of the intelligence process. In the 3i model (interpret, influence, impact) the analytical arm of the police department gathers data or intelligence, understands and analyses the criminal environment and determines or interprets things like who the main players are, and what are the significant and emerging threats. This is the intelligence part of the model. As the diagram shows the intelligence thus gathered is used to influence the decision makers whoever they are. The 3i model does not determine who the decision maker is. It depends from case to case and situation to situation. The Decision makers then decide the best course of action and implement it. This impacts the criminal environment. ILP does not occur by just one or two functions, it needs all three to work together. The Intelligence needs to be collected and the analysts need to interpret the information and Influence the decision makers, the decision makers then need to act on the given information. If one of the steps is missed, ILP will collapse. Importance of Interpretation Out of the three Is I personally feel that Intelligence gathering and interpretation function is the most critical of them all. If intelligence collected or gathered is incorrect or interpreted wrongly, then the remaining actions would not solve the purpose or the aim of ILP. In the model that Ratcliffe suggests, the arrow represents the flow of data and it runs from the intelligence analysis unit to the criminal environment. This is a reflection of the way things work in real life in crime intelligence analysis. While a push model, where analysts send out information requests via forms and then wait for the requested information to come back sounds easier and more manageable; in practice it is not so. The reasons for this include a lot of information is at times hear say or word on the street. Also a lot of times, the information is tacit. It is not advisable to write down such information for fear of moles in the police departments, who might let the criminals know of the moles in their organisation. It is a bit James Bond-ish with espionage and counter espionage activities going on all the time. The situation is aptly described by Higgins (2008, 80) as: The Push model does not work well in practise. The bureaucratic structure and culture of law enforcement agencies militates against the effective communication of intelligence requirements. The culture also thwarts the push model because a large volume of information remains tacit, inside officers heads rather than recorded in intelligence records which can be shared at the push of a button. Since the push model does not work effectively, the analysts have to resort to a pull model for gathering information. It is a more proactive way of doing things. In this approach, the analysts seek information or intelligence from investigating officers, confidential informants and debriefing handlers. It is a more active approach as the analysts might even have to go to the field rather than getting all the information at the fingertips. The analysts can hence have a better feel of what is actually going on. The added benefit that I see in this model is that while it is the job of the analysts to interpret data and influence the decision makers, if they are fed data, they can in turn be influenced easily on what data is to be sent. They would be more open to manipulation by field agents. In the pull model, since the analysts actually meet some people, they have a better chance at evaluating if a person is lying to them or manipulating them by looking at the person. Officers are tra ined to spot such people who lie. They can notice the nervous twitch, sweating, tone of voice, rate of speech etc and have better judgement if the intelligence is true or useful. Practical Observations The General Department of Criminal Investigations (CID) is the backbone in all matters relating to crime and criminals. It has varied functions and duties can accommodate wide geographical area of the United Arab Emirates. The mission of the department is a) to utilise all available means to prevent crimes. B) Detaining outlaws and providing conviction evidence in accordance with the regulations and legislation in force in the country and c) Maintaining security and stability, and sustaining regulations and legislation. It is entrusted to controlling crime in all forms, following the ways it develops, and utilizing all means to prevent it, and to achieve social stability. To meet its aim, the CID in UAE follows the 3i model. Intelligence is gathered by various means including surveillance, scientific evidence collection and analysis, use of people inside crime rings- informants and constabulary on patrol. The data is interpreted and then the decision makers are informed. As is in the 3i model, sometimes the decision makers are not from the police departments but affected parties as the case study would demonstrate. Case Study I have worked as a police officer for three years in Al Modena police station in CID section. It is a great place to work. The senior officers and the government is very supportive. There is a feeling of doing good and giving back to the community working as a police officer. In last few years we noticed that the number of shop theft crime increased dramatically especially at night in different areas. That was because the careless on the part of shop owners. They would keep their shops open late into the night and employ people without verifying their antecedents. The shops were designed like the newer malls but without the added precautions like RF security tags on goods or parabolic mirrors. There would be little or no security at the shop in form of security guards or cameras and this coupled with other factors like low population of people and police at streets in night, lure of easy money and quick getaways thanks to small size of the emirates meant the shopkeepers were sitting targets for the shop lifters. Process for prevention: We created new strategy when we recorded the names of all people who were working at the shops in that area. This helped reduce the number of fake cases of shoplifting being reported as police could analyse the trend if a worker moved to a shop and they started reporting an increasing number of shoplifting cases. This pointed towards collusion between the workers and the shoplifters. Encouraged the shopkeepers to invest in RF tags for goods. Police and government cooperated and made new law, shops most close before 11 p.m. Also shops should put alarms. This was done after analysis of the data that most of the shopliftings take place late in the night. There were several factors that came to light including low police presence and lesser people meant fewer witnesses. Increase the number of patrol cars in the hot spot areas. This was done after going through several studies which concurred that police presence acts as deterrence and the most effect is generated when the visit is between 11 and 15 minutes.(Koper, 1995) Send undercover officers who were of different nationality so they did not rouse suspicions amongst the criminals. The known bad characters of the area were kept under constant surveillance. This led to the criminal environment being aware that the police was aware of the problem and would not tolerate shoplifting as petty crime. Challenges: Shops did not follow rules. Not enough police men to cover area. Long working hours of policemen meant that they were tired and did not want to register complaints or work on them as they were considered non serious offences. No experience with the some officers to deal with such crimes. The shopkeepers did not have any training to react to shoplifters. The ethical question: should owners be still allowed to keep money at shops so that encourage the criminals to steal? Use their money as bait? This had the possibility of someone getting hurt besides loss of money. (Barocas, 1973) Shopkeepers reluctant to invest a lot into security as they said it was a state matter. The government should provide for security for the people. Police did not work very well at night. Very few policemen on streets and at police stations. Non Co-operation even in the department as different officers had different styles of working. Some were just not interested in working hard as they were on a loan from a different area and solving or not solving the crime had no affect on their career growth chart. Suggestions: Better and more frequent training for the policemen. This would include the introduction of the 3i model right from the academy training days so that new policemen know the value of intelligence, how it how it is to be collected, interpreted, how it influences the decision making process and what or how does it impact the criminal environment. Employ more policemen to tide over the shortage. This would also mean more police presence on the street which is a great visual deterrent. Several studies conducted have long proven this. (Andenaes,1974)(Goldstein, 1990)(Felson, 1987) et al. Provided training to shopkeepers on what to do in situations like hol ups or shoplifting. Imposition of heavy fines and cancellation of shop license for shops that flout the rules and stay open past the closing hours of 11 PM or do not have adequate security measures like the silent alarms or security guards etc. Reward and recognition for police men who perform well. Mandatory installation of CC TV (cameras) at these shops. CCTVs act as great deterrents. (Webster, 2009) Working with the 3i model, information was first collected on the crimes committed. This included getting data of the number of people arrested, the times when these crimes were committed, understanding the psyche of the criminals, the environments where these incidents took place. It was noted that most of the crimes occurred at night when the police presence was minimal. It was also noted that the security measures at the places was next to none. There were no cameras, no security guards, no alarms and the store owners did not even train the workers how to react in cases of theft or holdups. The information was interpreted and the crimes were analysed as crimes of opportunity. The Police realised that there were only so many things that they could do and more effort was needed from the shopkeepers too. The shopkeepers hence were the critical decision makers in this example. They had to perform majority of the actions including installation of RF tags, alarms and Closed Circuit TV c ameras. They were also explained that the state would not be able to cover their losses, but at most would try and find the persons who stole. Recovery rate of stolen goods is low. They also had to register their employees and provide sufficient training. The impact of these actions was that the crimes eventually reduced to low levels as the criminals understood that they had little to gain from petty shoplifting and the punishment was not worth the crime. The above mentioned steps also align with Situational theory of crime. Enhancing natural surveillance is a prime objective of defensible space, and also, more explicitly, of neighbourhood watch. (Ronald V. Clarke 1992 pg 18). The basic tenets of the theory include Target hardening, Access Control, Deflecting Offenders, and controlling facilitators, Identifying property, increasing guilt and shame of offenders. By constant Policing the acquisition of a soft target became difficult. The offenders too understood that the crime is not worth the time. By installing alarms and security guards and CCTV Cameras, the control over the premises was facilitated. All the steps working in cohesion helped the problem come down to manageable levels. Conclusion There seems to be no standard definition of what ILP- Intelligence Led Policing is. Its definition has been dynamic and open to interpretations. While some see it as a philosophy (Ratcliffe 2003 and Sheptycki, 2005) and as an objective decision making tool to facilitate crime reduction and crime prevention through effective policing strategies and external partnership projects, others see it as a model (Lint 2006) built around risk assessment and Risk management. He also sees it as a strategic, future-oriented and targeted approach to crime control, focusing upon the identification, analysis and management of persisting and developing problems or risks. The 3i model talks about the process of ILP as a three stage model where intelligence is collected from the criminal environment and analysed and interpreted by the analytical wing of the department. The second stage is influence where the decision making happens. The decision makers need not be sworn police officers, they could be an yone from organisations to people, judiciary etc. The decision thus made impacts the criminal environment. The process can not be complete unless all the three stages happen. If the information is collected wrongly or interpreted wrongly, this in turn would influence the decision makers in an incorrect fashion and the impact on the criminal environment would not be the desired impact. The paper also talks about my personal experiences in the CID in UAE and how the 3i model has helped reduce the crime of shoplifting.

Brecht :: essays research papers

It is difficult to imagine a play which is completely successful in portraying drama as Bertolt Brecht envisioned it to be. For many years before and since Brecht proposed his theory of â€Å"Epic Theatre†, writers, directors and actors have been focused on the vitality of entertaining the audience, and creating characters with which the spectator can empathize. ‘Epic Theatre’ believes that the actor-spectator relationship should be one of distinct separation, and that the spectator should learn from the actor rather than relate to him. Two contemporary plays that have been written in the last thirty years which examine and work with Brechtian ideals are ‘Fanshen’ by David Hare, and ‘The Laramie Project’ by Moises Kaufman. The question to be examined is whether either of these two plays are entirely successful in achieving what was later called, ‘The Alienation Effect†. Over the course of his career, Brecht developed the criteria for and conditions needed to create Epic Theatre. The role of the audience can be likened to that of a group of college aged students or intellectuals. Brecht believed in the intelligence of his audience, and their capacity for critical analysis. He detested the trance-like state that an Aristotelian performance can lure the audience into. Plays that idealize life and humanity are appealing to an audience, and this makes it easy for them to identify with the hero, they reach a state of self oblivion. The spectator becomes one with the actor, and experiences the same fantastical climax that is unattainable in real life. â€Å"However, at the end of the performance, the audience has already experienced the highest emotional climax, the memory of which is strung along by the inevitable plot resolution. The audience has no choice but to leave with the rapidly fading memory of their dramatic stimulation and return to the underwhelming reality that awaits them outside of the theatre.† "The task of epic theatre, Brecht believes, is not so much to develop actions as to represent conditions. But to à «representà ­ does not here signify à «reproduceà ­ in the sensed used by theoreticians of Naturalism. Rather, the first point at issue is to uncover those conditions. (One could just as well say: to make them strange (Benjamin 1966, 18-9) "The art of epic theatre consists in arousing astonishment rather than EMPATHY." (Benjamin 1966,16) â€Å" ‘Theatre’ consists in this; in making live representations of reported or invented happenings between human beings and doing so with a view to entertainment.

Soil Behaviour and Geotechnical Modelling

(a) Discuss advantages and limitations of Duncan and Chang's model. Duncan and Chang's model assumes a hyperbolic stress-strain relation and was developed based on triaxial soil tests. The original model assumes a constant Poisson's ratio while the revised model accommodates the variation of Poisson's ratio by means of stress-dependent Poisson's ratio or stress-dependent bulk modulus. The Duncan-Chang model is advantageous in analyzing many practical problems and is simple to set up with standard triaxial compression tests. When tri-axial test results are not available, model parameters are also abundantly available in literatures. It is a simple yet obvious enhancement to the Mohr-Coulomb model. In this respect, this model is preferred over the Mohr-Coulomb model. However, it has its limitations, including, (i) the intermediate principal stress s2 is not accounted for; (ii) results may be unreliable when extensive failure occurs; (iii) it does not consider the volume change due to changes in shear stress (shear dilatancy); (iv) input parameters are not fundamental soil properties, but only empirical values for limited range of conditions. (v) the model is mainly intended for quasi-static analysis. (b) Discuss advantages and limitations of Yin and Graham's KGJ model. Yin and Graham's KGJ model is formed using data from isotropic consolidation tests and consolidated undrained triaxial tests with pore-water pressure measurement. It provides functional expressions for , , , and relationships in soils. In Duncan and Chang's model for triaxial stress conditions: may cause volume strain ( dilation and compression) may cause shear strain. Whereas Yin and Graham's KGJ model: Thus the volume change and shear strain was taken into account, which is an improvement to Duncan and Chang's model. The limitation of Yin and Graham's KGJ model may exist in the determination of the parameter and the complexity of its calculation. (c) Discuss the differences between elastic models and hypo-elastic models. For soils, the behaviour depend on the stress path followed. The total deformation of such materials can be decomposed into a recoverable part and an irrecoverable part. Hypoelasticity constitutes a generalized incremental law in which the behaviour can be simulated from increment to increment rather than for the entire load or stress at a time. In hypoelasticity, the increment of stress is expressed as a function of stress and increment of strain. The Hypoelastic concept can provide simulation of constitutive behaviour in a smooth manner and hence can be used for hardening or softening soils. Hypoelastic models can be considered as modification of linear elastic models. However, it may incrementally reversible, with no coupling between volumetric and deviatoric responses and is path-independent. 5.2 Use sketches to explain the physical (geometric) meaning of all 7 parameters (only 5 independent) in a cross-anisotropic elastic soil model (). Figure 5.1 Parameters in cross-anisotropic elastic model – Young's modulus in the depositional direction; – Young's modulus in the plane of deposition ; – Poisson's ratio for straining in the plane of deposition due to the stress acting in the direction of deposition; – Poisson's ratio for straining in the direction of deposition due to the stress acting in the plane of deposition; – Poisson's ratio for straining in the plane of deposition due to the stress acting in the same plane; – Shear modulus in the plane of the direction of deposition; – Shear modulus in the plane of deposition. Due to symmetry requirements, only 5 parameters are independent. Assignment 6 (Lecture 6 – Elasto-plastic behaviour): 6.1 (a) Explain and discuss (i) yield, (ii) yield criterion, (iii) potential surface, (iv) flow rule, (v) normality, (vi) consistency condition. (i) The yield strength or yield point of a material is defined in engineering and materials science as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible. In the uniaxial situations the yield stress indicates the onset of plastic straining. In the multi-axial situation it is not sensible to talk about a yield stress. Instead, a yield function is defined which is a scalar function of stress and state parameters. (ii) A yield criterion, often expressed as yield surface, or yield locus, is an hypothesis concerning the limit of elasticity under any combination of stresses. There are two interpretations of yield criterion: one is purely mathematical in taking a statistical approach while other models attempt to provide a justification based on established physical principles. Since stress and strain are tensor qualities they can be described on the basis of three principal directions, in the case of stress these are denoted by , and . (iii) Potential surface is the segment of a plastic potential surface plotted in principal stress space, as shown in Figure 6.1 (a). A two dimensional case was shown in Figure 6.1 (b). (iv) Flow rule: – a scalar multiplier; – plastic potential function; {} – location of surface (a vector), not in the final equation Figure 6.1 Plastic potential presentation (v) Assuming the plastic potential function to be the same as the yield function as a further simplification: The incremental plastic strain vector is then normal to the yield surface and the normality condition is said to apply. (vi) Having defined the basic ingredients of an elasto-plastic constitutive model, a relationship between incremental stresses and incremental strains then can be obtained. When the material is plastic the stress state must satisfy the yield function. Consequently, on using the chain rule of differentiation, gives: This equation is known as the consistency equation or consistency condition. (b) Explain and discuss the associate flow rule and non-associate flow rule and how the two rules affect the volumetric deformation and the bearing capacity of a strip footing on sand. Sometimes simplification can be applied by assuming the plastic potential function to be the same as the yield function (i.e. ). In this case the flow rule is said to be associated. The incremental plastic strain vector is then normal to the yield surface and the normality condition is said to apply. In the general case in which the yield and plastic potential functions differ (i.e. ), the flow rule is said to be non-associated. If the flow rule is associated, the constitutive matrix is symmetric and so is the global stiffness matrix. On the other hand, if the flow rule is non-associated both the constitutive matrix and the global stiffness matrix become non-symmetric. The inversion of non-symmetric matrices is much more costly, both of storage and computer time. As noted, it occurs in a special class of plasticity in which the flow rule is said to be associated. Substitution of a symmetric for all elements in a finite element mesa, into the assembly process, results in a symmetric global stiffness matrix. For the general case in which the flow rule is non-associated and the yield and plastic potential functions differ, the constitutive matrix is non-symmetric. When assembled into the finite element equations this results in a non- symmetric global stiffness matrix. The inversion of such a matrix is more complex and requires more computing resources, both memory and time, than a symmetric matrix. Some commercial programs are unable to deal with non-symmetric global stiffness matrices and, consequently, restrict the typo of plastic models that can be accommodated to those which have an associated flow rule. (c) Explain plastic strain hardening and plastic work hardening or softening. The state parameters, , are related to the accumulated plastic strains . Consequently, if there is a linear relationship between and so that then on substitution, along with the flow rule, the unknown scalar,, cancels and A becomes determinant. If there is not a linear relationship between and , the differential ratio on the left hand side of the above equation is a function the plastic strains and therefore a function of . When substituted, along with the flow rule given, the A's do not cancel and A becomes indeterminate. It is then not possums to evaluate the []. In practice all strain hardening/ softening models assume a linear relationship between the state parameters and the plastic strains . In this type of plasticity the state parameters}, are related to the accumulated plastic work, ,which is dependent on the plastic strains it can be shown, following a similar argument to that parented above for strain hardening/softening plasticity, that as long as there is a linear relationship between the state parameters }, and the plastic work, , the parameter defined becomes independent of the unknown scalar, , send therefore is determinant. If the relationship between and is not linear, become a function of and it is not possible to evaluate the constitutive matrix. 6.2 Show steps to derive the elastic plastic constitutive matrix [] in (6.16). The incremental total strains can be split into elastic and plastic , componets. The incremental stress, are related to the incremental elastic strains, by the elastic constitutive matrix: Or alternatively Combining gives The incremental plastic strains are related to the plastic potential function, via the flow rule. This can be written as Substituting gives When the material is plastic the stress state must satisfy the yield function. Consequently, which, on using the chain rule of differentiation. This equation is known as the consistency equation. It can be rearranged to give Combining, we can get Where Substituting again So that 6.3 The dimension of a slope is shown in Figure 6.2. Calculate the factor of safety of the following cases: (a) Without tension crack, the properties of Soil (1) are kPa, , kN/m3; The properties of Soil (2) are kPa, , kN/m3 (no water table). (b) With tension crack filled with water, repeat the calculation in (a). (c) Without tension crack, the properties of Soil (1) are kPa, , kN/m3 (below water table) and kN/m3 (above water table); the properties of Soil (2) are kPa, , kN/m3 (below water table) and kN/m3 (above water table). Water table is shown. Figure 6.2 Dimension of the slope and water table (a) Figure 6.3 Model without tension crack or water table Factor of Safety: 1.498 Figure 6.4 Results without tension crack or water table Figure 6.5 Slice 1 – Morgenstern-Price Method (b) Figure 6.6 Model with tension crack filled with water Figure 6.7 Results with tension crack filled with water The safety factor : 1.406 Figure 6.8 Slice 1 – Morgenstern-Price Method (c) Figure 6.9 Model without tension crack but with water table Figure 6.10 Results without tension crack but with water table Factor of Safety: 1.258 Figure 6.11 Slice 1 – Morgenstern-Price Method

Moive Review – 8 Mile

I’m a big fan of rap and hip-hop music, so one of my favorite movies is ‘8 Mile’. It is a semi-autobiographic film about Eminem’s life. Starring well-known artists in the movie industry, such as Brittany Murphy, Mekhi Phifer, Omar Benson, Kim Basinger, and Eminem himself, ‘8 Mile’ became one of the most successful movies about musicians ever made. Set in Detroit, 1995, the story revolves around a white boy named Jimmy ‘B-Rabbit’ Smith, an inspiring rapper, trying to succeed in a music style most known for black artists.Jimmy lives in a trailer park with his mother and his younger sister on 8 Mile Road, the imaginary line that separates Detroit in two halves – the have-gots and have-nots. The very first scene of the movie presents ‘The Shelter’- the building where all the rap battles take place. It is Friday night and it’s time for Jimmy to go on stage and battle lyrically with another inspiring rapper. Bu t when he gets the microphone, he ‘chokes’ and gets booed off stage.That really takes him down and he is almost ready to give up on his dream. After some dramatic twists and turns, Mr. Smith mans up, gets over his pains and plunges in the courage to go back on stage and show everybody what his level of skills is like. In some kind it reminds me of the movie ‘The White People Can’t Jump’. The movie has won many prestigious awards, including an Academic Award for Best Original Song, which makes Eminem the only music artist with an Oscar.Not only with brilliant acting, but also with very good soundtrack and deep and moving lyrics, the film will definitely touch your heart and many people will find themselves in a situation similar to Jimmy’s. To sum up, I’ll say that ‘8 Mile’ is worth watching and I’ll recommend it to not only music lovers, but also everyone interested in realistic movies that will make them think about life opportunities and one-time chances. Moive Review – 8 Mile I’m a big fan of rap and hip-hop music, so one of my favorite movies is ‘8 Mile’. It is a semi-autobiographic film about Eminem’s life. Starring well-known artists in the movie industry, such as Brittany Murphy, Mekhi Phifer, Omar Benson, Kim Basinger, and Eminem himself, ‘8 Mile’ became one of the most successful movies about musicians ever made. Set in Detroit, 1995, the story revolves around a white boy named Jimmy ‘B-Rabbit’ Smith, an inspiring rapper, trying to succeed in a music style most known for black artists.Jimmy lives in a trailer park with his mother and his younger sister on 8 Mile Road, the imaginary line that separates Detroit in two halves – the have-gots and have-nots. The very first scene of the movie presents ‘The Shelter’- the building where all the rap battles take place. It is Friday night and it’s time for Jimmy to go on stage and battle lyrically with another inspiring rapper. Bu t when he gets the microphone, he ‘chokes’ and gets booed off stage.That really takes him down and he is almost ready to give up on his dream. After some dramatic twists and turns, Mr. Smith mans up, gets over his pains and plunges in the courage to go back on stage and show everybody what his level of skills is like. In some kind it reminds me of the movie ‘The White People Can’t Jump’. The movie has won many prestigious awards, including an Academic Award for Best Original Song, which makes Eminem the only music artist with an Oscar.Not only with brilliant acting, but also with very good soundtrack and deep and moving lyrics, the film will definitely touch your heart and many people will find themselves in a situation similar to Jimmy’s. To sum up, I’ll say that ‘8 Mile’ is worth watching and I’ll recommend it to not only music lovers, but also everyone interested in realistic movies that will make them think about life opportunities and one-time chances.

Compare & Contrast of Memento& Memento Mori essays

Compare & Contrast of Memento& Memento Mori essays The beginning of the two pieces are different; in the short story Earl is the name of the main character, and he wakes up in some type of institution. In the film Leonard is the name of the man character, and he is flashing back of what had just at that moment happened. But he wakes up in a motel room, dressed kind of disoriented. The lifestyles of the Earl was also a bit different, but not to in depth. Leonards lifestyle in the film was more luxurious; he drove a Jaguar XK8 and wrote a suit that he had stolen off of a dead man. Before that point he was driving a truck and wore just normal clothes. In both the short story and in the film they both had a wade of cash. The tattoos where also different from the film then in the short story. Earl had a tattoo of a man face on his chest. He also had backwards writing on his chest. In the film, Leonard didnt have a tattoo of a mans face on his chest. Leonard had writing across his chest and some of it was backwards. The details of the tattoos varied from the film to the short story. In the film they showed every tattoo that he had gotten. He had numbered his clues, in the film. In story they only spoke about three to four tattoos. The ending of each piece in completely different, in the film it just ends in the film after he kills the killer;Teddy John Edwards Gammell. In the story, I think it is interesting how in the story is paints a good picture what had just happened after Earl had killed what he believes is the killer. It in the story the writer almost gives you a choice on what you would like to happen. Either he is in a taxi or in a police cruiser. In the film when Leonard killed teddy he almost didnt know what to do after that. It seemed like there was nothing left for him to live because he had gotten his revenge on his wifes killer. After Earl had killed the killer he was searching for a...

Business Alliances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Alliances - Essay Example This might result from factors including equity; nationality; relational capabilities; and knowledge and experiences. Alliances usually bring the merging of different firms which have diverse national, cultural backgrounds. Besides, they have different interests and market share. This might result into unequal market share in which some firms enjoy a dominance over others. Therefore, it reaches a point when they need to be dissolved so as to enable each of the partners to part ways (DePamphilis, D., 2008). However, in my opinion, I believe that learning and experience is the most important factor in an alliance. It can have a greater influence in the termination of alliance because it can enable the partnering firms to gain knowledge on modern technology, innovations and current industry trends. However, without knowledge, it might not be easier for any alliance to work. With no knowledge and experience about the market trends, it will not be an easy task to produce goods and services which will satisfy the clients. Therefore, deliberate steps should be taken to ensure that information is sought. Knowledge is a very powerful tool in the success of any business

''Critically discuss the approaches a non-financial company should Essay

''Critically discuss the approaches a non-financial company should take in defining, measuring and effectively managing the risks inherent in a potential new project.'' - Essay Example The company plans its operations well in advance. These plans are based on an analysis of past activities and estimated forecasts. When the actual result matches with the planned result there is a gain but when the actual outcome is different from the expectation there is a loss. Despite this the activities of the company are based on the forecasts. This means that the company is taking a risk. Suppose, there is a company X Ltd based in US. A research by the company reveals that there is a good market for its product in Canada. To tap the Canadian market the company wishes to start its operations in Canada. For a new project the company requires funds for buying equipments, employing man-power, procuring materials etc. The funds required for setting up its new operations can be obtained as loans from financial institutions. But the availability of loan depends on the market conditions. It is difficult to obtain loan in a tight monetary market. During these times the company has to pa y a high rate of interest for securing loans. This raises the interest obligations of the company. Moreover the company is also subject to the risk of interest rate fluctuations. This is called interest rate risk. If the company avails a floating rate loan, a rise in the rate of interest pushes up its interest cost. This can be hedged with the help of swaps and derivative instruments (Nawalkha et al, 2005, P1). The material constitutes the most important part of the input. Its non-availability can have an adverse impact on production levels. If the company relies on a single supplier then it can be exposed to the unjust demands of the supplier. This can give rise to instances of short-supply, unfair prices etc. On account of his supreme position, he can demand for unfavourable terms of credit. If the supplier has a monopolistic position in the market he can ask for higher prices for the

Health Care in California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Health Care in California - Essay Example Unfortunately, a large number of Americans cannot afford to finance the cost of health care, which has escalated in the past few years. Although Medicare and Medicaid health care system have been helpful in ensuring the provision of quality healthcare to every American, the system is not completely universal. This is true because most Americans still lack health insurance coverage. Although the Obamacare Act has attempted to improve health care quality to the people, California Health Care Foundation (2014) report shows that the system is discriminatory since it is selective and benefits only a few groups. California is among the states with the largest numbers of residents without health insurance. Unfortunately, the majority of these poor is low-income earners and cannot afford to finance their medical bills whenever they fall sick. Therefore, to improve the quality of life of the Californian people, there has been an increased need for the instantiation of health care reforms to e nsure universal coverage for all residents of California. This document will discuss the various health care reforms initiatives that have been implemented in California in the last three years. California is one of the most populous states in the country. At the same time, California has one of the highest numbers of people without health insurance cover. Accordingly, millions of Californian residents have not been able to receive the quality of healthcare they need. A California Hospital Association (2014) report shows that the majority of Californian residents are not receiving the care they need despite the state spending large amounts of money per individual on health care. Reports indicate that California, like most other states in the country, has underutilized preventive care, a situation, which has resulted in large spending on treatment. A CDC report also indicates that state has not prioritized offering quality health care services to its

Instructional planning Essay Example for Free

Instructional planning Essay Introduction Proper planning is a core prerequisite to an effective instruction process. Teaching disabled persons poses great challenges to instructors and calls for the careful planning of a lesson so that it may meet the needs of the learners. Disabled persons have special needs occasioned by hearing impairment, vision impairment; nervous problems as well as physical movement problems, therefore any good lesson plan must make sure that children with special needs receive as much gains from the learning process as their regular students. The learning process is very important; there is a need to avail services and facilities such as walking chairs for the physically disabled, hearing devices for the hearing impairment and any other necessary facilities. Another necessary adoption teachers can make to lesson plans to make them more responsive to the needs of the disabled includes the use of technologically mediated communication through computers to aid the learning process. In all adjustments to suit lessons to the special needs of learners, cognitive needs, psychomotor needs and the affective needs of the learner must be borne in mind. From both lesson 1 and 3 it is very clear that the lesson plan is only effective for a regular class. Notably the action verbs used for the objectives such as ‘by the end of the lesson learners should learn the colors’ is biased because the students are supposed to learn by sight or observation. When the teacher uses pictures as a resource material in the lesson, it implies that only the students with visual ability can benefit. The lesson can be adjusted to cater for the disabled and especially the visually impaired by deemphasizing the color aspect of the pictures and concentrating on shapes and texture which can effectively guide a disabled student to meet the lesson objectives. Another objective in lesson 1 and 3 requires the student to participate in physical activity. This again favors the students who are physically normal but it portends a challenge to the physically disabled to which physical activity may be a barrier to the learning process. The lessons can be adapted to suit the disabled students by only choosing the physical activities that the disabled can participate in or availing the necessary equipment to aid the physical activities. The lesson plans involve a lot of drawing and writing activities something that may be a barrier and a challenge at the same time to the physically disabled. Some students are not able to draw or write while others may not be able to even hold a pencil or crayon. Further, the lesson activities involve the use of music that is again insensitive to the hearing impaired. To make the lesson fully useful to the disabled students, the lesson plans should incorporate only special types of music which is responsive to the needs of the hearing impaired. The other key instrument to the lesson involves use of Braille or special computers, use of special needs expert to assist in the lessons as well as the strict use of materials that are responsive to the needs of the disabled learners. The other adaptation of teachers or disabled children is to involve a lot of games in the lesson plans activities. The games can help children to discover their ability to serve in spite of their challenges (Basil, Reys, 2003). As a principle, every lesson plan should be a fit-all type of lesson plan to cater for different disabilities of the disabled students. Conclusion For a lesson plan to be effective, it has to bear in mind the cognitive, affective and psychomotor needs of disabled students. There is a need for teachers to design lesson plans factoring in the special needs of the disabled students so as to give such an equal opportunity as their regular counterparts. Only making changes to the lesson plan to reflect the needs of disabled learners can help teachers achieve learning objectives. References Basil, C. Reys, S. (2003). Acquisition of literacy skills by children with severe disability. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, vol. 19, no. 1.

Relationship Between Plankton and Ocean Currents

Relationship Between Plankton and Ocean Currents Gabriel Vallim PLANKTON AND OCEAN CURRENTS Plankton, from Greek it means wandering Plankton can be considered all organisms that come with ocean currents. This does not necessarily mean that all don’t have movement. Many of them have the ability to move, but can’t overcome the chains, and because of that they only has vertical movements and don’t define its horizontal position in the ocean. Plankton can be plants or animals and it has an important role in the fish food chain and other sea life, and also for human beings. The plankton organisms are very important because they are the base of marine food chain, and also because phytoplankton is the largest source of oxygen to the atmosphere, to the photosynthesis. These organisms have different sizes: from 2 microns (protozoa) to a few meters (some species of jellyfish), and are distributed from the surface to deep water. Importance of the Plankton Plankton is very important for life on Earth. Phytoplankton produces much of oxygen that people and other animals need to survive. Plankton is also a big source of food. Zooplankton feed on the phytoplankton. Fish and other large animal, feeds the zooplankton. As an example we have the whales, which keep the plankton through their filters, present in their mouths. Plankton doesn’t have the ability to overcome the ocean current. This is why the plankton is a group of extremely vulnerable to marine pollution organisms, since they can’t move to a location with better environmental conditions. Thus, some plankton organisms are important indicators of environmental quality of the marine regions. Types of Plankton 1) Phytoplankton > is Plankton formed from plants. These organisms are often not the size of a cell. A diatom, for example, which is a type of unicellular algae, is a common form of phytoplankton. The plants belonging to the plankton occupy the upper layers of the ocean because of light presence and then perform photosynthesis to produce energy and release oxygen gas. Different from most land plants, phytoplankton does not need roots, stems or leaves, because they can absorb water and nutrients directly from their environment. 2) Zooplankton > is Plankton formed from animal organisms. Some of these organisms are very small, as crustaceans’ miniature and protozoa. Others, such as jellyfish, are larger. Some fish and shellfish, early in his life, are eggs or small larvae. These eggs and larvae are also zooplankton. In the phytoplankton and zooplankton, bacteria and fungi float on the waters of the planet. These bodies can also be considered plankton. Ocean Currents The ocean currents are water flows that occur in the oceans and regulate the climate. Some streams are perennial, or is always flowing in a given direction at a given point. Ocean currents have their origin in the movement of winds at the surface and by the movement of Earths rotation. It starts in the tropics and at high latitudes and circulates oceans and seas carrying large bodies of water and debris, affecting marine life. They are divided into cold and warm currents, and have particular characteristics, such as temperature, salinity, color, density and marine life. The warm currents originate in the Intertropical Zone, leave the tropics toward the Polar Regions, while the cold currents, originate in the Polar Regions, and move in the opposite direction, towards the Equatorial Zones. An example is the Humboldt Current, which reaches the coast of Chile, creating a marked aridity in the region, and interferes with the fishing activity. They carry with them moisture and heat also interfering in marine life and, consequently, having a direct influence on the balance of the oceans and seas. It is considered the most important and enigmatic phenomena of the oceans due to its influence on climate regions and also for holding an important transportation work and spread of plant and animal species. The formation of ocean currents is because of the union of some factors of nature, such as difference density of water, by the difference in temperature and salinity. The currents tend to move the higher density areas to low density areas; action of the winds and movement of the Earths rotation (mainly influences towards some currents). Ocean currents can influence the climate, for example, contribute to the formation of deserts, such as the Humboldt Current with the Atacama Desert and the Benguela current with the desert of Namibia and Kalahari . From a biological point of view, the currents contribute to the spread of animal and plant species by the various areas through which they pass. The Humboldt Current, for example, contributes to the coast of Peru and Chile be one of the richest areas in the world of fish, due to the large amount of marine plankton that it transports. Major Ocean Currents Atlantic Ocean Coast of North America The Labrador Current (cold), the Gulf Stream (hot); Coast of Central America current West Indies or South equatorial current (hot); Coast of South America Falkland or Malvinas Current (cold), Brazil Current (warm). Pacific Ocean Coast of North America: Current California (cold); Coast of Central America: North Equatorial Current (hot); Coast of South America: Current Humboldt or Peru Current (cold). The worlds major ocean currents are the Gulf Stream, which moves in the south to north along the east coast of the USA and then in Europe, the current of Brazil, which moves in the north-south direction along the Brazilian coast, the current Humbolt, which moves by the Pacific Ocean and is related to the events effect El Nià ±o, and the chain of Bengal, which moves in the west to east toward the Indian Ocean. Ocean currents can be classified according to the temperature of where form in: warm currents are formed in the equatorial zones (current of Guinas, the Gulf of Mexico, Brazil and the South Equatorial); cold currents that form in the polar regions (current Labrador, Humbolt, the Falklands, Bengal and the Antarctic Circumpolar). Ocean Current influences on climate North America The Labrador Current (cold) influences the temperature of the northeast coast of North America, making the climate of that region presents very low temperatures, causing the freezing of waters in the port of New York. The Gulf Stream (hot) originates in the West Indies; lard much of the east coast of North America, warming the climate in the Gulf of Mexico. By having hot water favors the evaporation contributing to increased rainfall in the Gulf region. South America South America also receives influence of ocean currents as the Humboldt Current (cold), also known as the Peru Current. This ocean current rises near Antarctica therefore carries the cold temperatures of the area where it originates. The low temperature of the Humboldt Current prevents evaporation, leaving the relative humidity of air low, causing the formation of a mass of dry air, contributing to formation of the dry climate of Chiles Atacama Desert to Peru. Ocean Currents and Economy Ocean currents also influence the economy of many countries. Peru is one of the worlds fish producers because of the influence of the Humboldt Current , because when reaching the Peru Coast found warm waters and brings out the nutrients carried by the current, attracting many shoals and directly helping the fishing industry of that country. Humboldt Current has a negative influence on the north coast of Chile and Peru, and is responsible for the formation of the Atacama Desert and transforms large areas in wastelands by water stress present in the area caused by the action of this ocean current. The areas bathed by sea warm currents, such as the Brazilian coast and the Gulf of Mexico, have high rainfall which favors the development of various agricultural crops and other economic activities. Relation between Plankton and Ocean Currents The meaning of Plankton in Greek refers exactly to what it is: a wandering, or specie that don’t have root and move to a place to another one. The Ocean Currents influences this movement transforming regions on rich environment and others on poor environment, as it takes nutrients to one place to another. By this movement it is possible to determine if the water portion is rich in nutrients or not, depending on the plankton find on it. Human activities and preservation As always, humans are requested to rethink their activities and what they are doing to preserve the environment. Sometimes a region is poor in plankton simply because the water doesn’t have quality. In the past, human thinks that nature will last forever, but nowadays they realize that nature is giving its answers†¦ we can see this by nature catastrophes seeing all long the world. We need to preserve the nature for the future generation, and as a Blue Planet, water is our main resource that needed to be conserved.